What Do You Mean By Hash Information Technology Essay

What Do You Mean By Hash Information Technology Essay A hash also called a digest, and informally a checksum is a kind of signature for a stream of data that represents the contents.  The closest real-life analog we can think is a tamper-evident seal on a software package: if you open the box (change the file), its detected. A  cryptographic hash function  is a  deterministic procedure  that takes an arbitrary block of  data  and returns a fixed-size  bit string, the (cryptographic)  hash value, such that an accidental or intentional change to the data will change the hash value. The data to be encoded is often called the message, and the hash values are sometimes called the  message digest  or simply digest. The ideal cryptographic hash function has four main or significant properties: It is easy to compute the hash value for any given message, It is  infeasible  to find a message that has a given hash, It is infeasible to modify a message without changing its hash, It is infeasible to find two different messages with the same hash. Cryptographic hash functions have many  information security  applications, notably in  digital signatures,  message authentication codes  (MACs), and other forms of  authentication. They can also be used as ordinary  hash functions, to index data in  hash tables, for  fingerprinting, to detect duplicate data or uniquely identify files, and as  checksums  to detect accidental data corruption. Indeed, in information security contexts, cryptographic hash values are sometimes called (digital) fingerprints,  checksums, or just  hash values, even though all these terms stand for functions with rather different properties and purposes. Q2. What are the principal elements of a public-key cryptosystem? Ans2. Public-Key Cryptosystems: Secrecy and Authentication, illustrates the essential elements of a public-key encryption scheme. Public key cryptography is an asymmetric scheme that uses a  pair  of keys for encryption: a  public key,  which encrypts data, and a corresponding  private,  or  secret key  for decryption. You publish your public key to the world while keeping your private key secret. Anyone with a copy of your public key can then encrypt information that only you can read. Even people you have never met. Plaintext: This is the original message or data fed into the algorithm as input. Encryption Algorithm: It performs various substitutions and transformation on plaintext. Secret Key: It is used for encryption. Ciphertext: This is the scrambled message produced as output. Decryption Algorithm: This is the encryption algorithm run in reverse. Q3. What types of information might be derived from a traffic analysis attack? Ans3. In a connection-oriented application, the frequency and duration could be determined. In either a connection-oriented or connectionless environment, the number and length of messages between parties could be determined. Traffic analysis attacks aim to derive critical information by analyzing traffic over a network. The two classes of traffic analysis attacks: link-load analysis attacks and flow-connectivity analysis attacks.   Countermeasures for such attacks are usually realized by properly padding the payload traffic so that the statistics of the overall traffic become significantly different from that of the payload traffic. Two basic countermeasure strategies are (a) to pad the traffic with constant inter-arrival times of packets (CIT) or (b) to pad the traffic with variable inter-arrival times (VIT).   Q4. What are three broad categories of applications of public-key cryptosystems? What requirements must a public key cryptosystems fulfill to be a secure algorithm? Ans4. Public-key systems are characterized by the use of a cryptographic type of algorithm with two keys. Depending on the application, the sender uses either the senders private key or the receivers public key, or both, to perform some type of cryptographic function. In broad terms, we can classify the use of public-key cryptosystems into the three categories: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Encryption/decryption: The sender encrypts a message with the recipients public key. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Digital signature: The sender signs a message with its private key, either to the whole message or to a small block of data that is a function of the message. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Key exchange: Two sides cooperate to exchange a session key. Several different approaches are possible, involving the private key(s) of one or both parties. Some algorithms are suitable for all three applications, whereas others can be used only for one or two of these applications. Public key schemes are no more or less secure than private key schemes in both cases the size of the key determines the security. But with public key schemes at least there is usually a firmer theoretical basis for determining the security since its based on well-known and well studied number theory problems. In order to solve the key management problem, the concept of public-key cryptography was introduced. Public-key cryptosystems have two primary uses, encryption and digital signatures. In their system, each person gets a pair of keys, one called the public key and the other called the private key. The public key is published, while the private key is kept secret. The need for the sender and receiver to share secret information is eliminated; all communications involve only public keys, and no private key is ever transmitted or shared. In this system, it is no longer necessary to trust the security of some means of communications. The only requirement is that public keys be associated with their users in a trusted (authenticated) manner (for instance, in a trusted directory). Anyone can send a confidential message by just using public information, but the message can only be decrypted with a private key, which is in the sole possession of the intended recipient. Furthermore, public-key cryptography can be used not only for privacy (encryption), but also for authentication (digital signatures) and other various techniques. Q5. What is digital signature standard? Ans5. This Standard specifies a suite of algorithms that can be used to generate a digital signature. Digital signatures are used to detect unauthorized modifications to data and to authenticate the identity of the signatory. In addition, the recipient of signed data can use a digital signature as evidence in demonstrating to a third party that the signature was, in fact, generated by the claimed signatory. This is known as non-repudiation, since the signatory cannot easily repudiate the signature at a later time. This Standard specifies algorithms for applications requiring a digital signature, rather than a written signature. A digital signature is represented in a computer as a string of bits. A digital signature is computed using a set of rules and a set of parameters that allow the identity of the signatory and the integrity of the data to be verified. Digital signatures may be generated on both stored and transmitted data. Signature generation uses a private key to generate a digital signature; signature verification uses a public key that corresponds to, but is not the same as, the private key. Each signatory possesses a private and public key pair. Public keys may be known by the public; private keys are kept secret. Anyone can verify the signature by employing the signatorys public key. Only the user that possesses the private key can perform signature generation. A hash function is used in the signature generation process to obtain a condensed version of the data to be signed; the condensed version of the data is often called a message digest. The message digest is input to the digital signature algorithm to generate the digital signature. The digital signature is provided to the intended verifier along with the signed data. The verifying entity verifies the signature by using the claimed signatorys public key and the same hash function that was used to generate the signature. Similar procedures may be used to generate and verify signatures for both stored and transmitted data. Q6. Explain authentication function: message encryption, message authentication code and hash function. Ans6. Message encryption: Message encryption is a process that encodes the data of a message so that unauthorized people cannot access it. The process of message encryption converts a message from readable text to scrambled or enciphered text, thus keeping the message content private. Only people who use a private key can read such a message. In fact, message encryption not only safeguards the message but also any attachments included with it. Therefore, message encryption is basically information scrambling, and the technology this process involves is very important for internal security in information technology-driven environments. When message encryption is properly used in such an environment, it helps establish a secure communication channel even in cases where the fundamental system and network infrastructure is not very secure. It is obvious that message encryption is of great significance when a message needs to be transferred through shared systems or network segments in which a number of people may otherwise be able to view it. Message encryption is an invaluable tool in situations where sensitive information needs to be safeguarded so that it cannot be seen or modified by other parties. Message authentication code: One of the reasons that encryption mechanism does not provide a good solution for message authentication is that it is difficult for the receiver to identify the legitimate plaintext. To address this problem, we can apply an error detection code to the message so that only legitimate plaintext can pass the error detection. Such error detection codes are used in the network communication to provide data integrity verification against bit errors introduced by communication channel noise. But it can not provide data integrity protection against malicious attackers. In light of error detection code, we can design a code that uses a secret key. Without the key, modifying the message in a way that it matches the code is impossible. This idea leads to the design of message authentication code (MAC). A MAC  algorithm, sometimes called a  keyed  (cryptographic)  hash function, accepts as input a  secret key  and an arbitrary-length message to be authenticated, and outputs a MAC (sometimes known as a  tag). The MAC value protects both a messages  data integrity  as well as its  authenticity, by allowing verifiers (who also possess the secret key) to detect any changes to the message content. Hash Functions: A hash function H is a transformation that takes a variable-size input m and returns a fixed-size string, which is called the hash value h (that is, h = H(m)). Hash functions with just this property have a variety of general computational uses, but when employed in cryptography the hash functions are usually chosen to have some additional properties. The basic requirements for a cryptographic hash function are: the input can be of any length, the output has a fixed length, H(x) is relatively easy to compute for any given x , H(x) is one-way, H(x) is collision-free. A  hash function  is any  well-defined procedure  or  mathematical function  that converts a large, possibly variable-sized amount of data into a small datum, usually a single  integer  that may serve as an  index  to an  array. The values returned by a hash function are called  hash values, hash codes,  hash sums, or simply  hashes.

Ryanair Pestel

Complete a PEST(EL) analysis as preparation for a scenario planning exercise next week. POLITICAL: †¢Due to severe security measures, they had to cancel 279 flights and refunded 2. 7mâ‚ ¬. A loss of 1. 9mâ‚ ¬ in reduced bookings †¢Aer Lingus was fundamentally opposed to a merger with Ryanair, even if it raises its price †¢12. 6 % of the shareholding controlled by Aer Lingus, whose members rejected the offer by a 97% majority vote †¢Opposed to the BAA airport monopoly plans to build a 4bn gold plated Taj Mahal at Stansted SOCIAL: †¢Europe’s leading budget airline August 2006, Air Transport World magazine- most profitable airline in the world †¢72% negative response from a poll of readers of the Financial Times for one of its initiatives †¢In 2006, its employees count by more than 700, to 3. 500 people, comprising over 25 different nationalities †¢In 2006, it was voted the world’s least favourite airline because of the unfrien dly staff, delays and poor legroom †¢The airline formerly refused to provide accommodation or meal vouchers when flights were cancelled or delayed, until it became illegal to do so in 2005ENVIRONMENTAL: †¢Deploying more efficient aircraft that use less fuel and produce less pollution †¢Concerns about greenhouse gases from carbon emissions †¢Replace its fleet of old aircraft with new, more environmentally-friendly aircraft, reducing the average age of its fleet to 2. 4 years †¢New aircraft produced 50% less emissions, 45% less fuel burn and 45% lower noise emissions per sea ECONOMIC: Its average paid was 49612â‚ ¬, a higher figure than any other major European airline †¢August 2006, Air Transport World magazine- most profitable airline in the world †¢Cost-cutting/yield-enhancing measures for passenger check-in and luggage handling could save more than 1â‚ ¬ per passenger †¢Web based check-in and priority boarding, save costs on check-in s taff and airport facilities, as well as time †¢By tailoring rosters, they maximised productivity and time off for crew membersTECHNOLOGICAL: †¢Web based check-in and priority boarding †¢Fleet of over 100 new Boeing 737-800 aircraft and firm orders for a further 138 new aircraft to be delivered over the next six years †¢Stronger passenger safety: body searched, banned from carrying liquids and gels in their carry-on luggage LEGAL: †¢Complying with EU regulations which impose a ceiling on pilot flying hours to prevent dangerous fatigue †¢In litigation with various airport over landing charges Accused it of misleading passengers on its website by exaggerating the prices of its competitors in making comparisons †¢Following flight cancellations due to increase in security measures, they decided to file two legal cases against UK government †¢In 2005, new legislation that offered compensation cost to passengers affected by delays, cancellations or d enied boarding

Powerful Strategies for Administration Essay Samples You Can Use Immediately

Powerful Strategies for Administration Essay Samples You Can Use Immediately Your facts ought to be truthful. Listed here are the places that are usually covered in these questions. This recipe is easily doubled and tastes equally as good reheated the following day. You need to read the example answers to acquire ideas about what are good forms of answers and what are bad varieties of answers. The Lost Secret of Administration Essay Samples Public high schools have their very own fair share of issues and in the event the student isn't careful, they could wind up in a massive mess. Among the demands of a university or a college is a brief scholarship essay. Many students seek scholarship so the financial characteristics of studying would be less of a burden in their opinion. Fully being a happy high school student wouldn't be possible without my loved ones. When you're in high school, it's definite that you're expected to do a few write-ups and projects which require pen and paper. This gives you an edge from your classmates. Aside from these benefits, homework also gives the assessor with the evaluation of the student with regard to improvement in performance. There are times some teachers aren't professional or don't explain a number of the lessons well. Things You Won't Like About Administration Essay Samples and Things You Will On occasion, once an abortion isn't done correctly, the kid might actually live and might be born with very significant health defects that would stop the child from leading a normal life. After the mother's or child's life is in danger. A youngster needs certain conditions to be able to live. An excellent instance of a question a parent might be asked is the way the parent thinks their son or daughter will add to the school. The standard of patient care and safety is among the most vital elements o f health care sector. Medication error is because of the incorrect drug, the incorrect timing, the incorrect dose, and the incorrect route. It can be very dangerous, which can potentially cause harm or even deaf if it's not used properly. Knowing the mode of action will make certain that the medication given is suitable for the patient's diagnosis. Administration Essay Samples Can Be Fun for Everyone Remember an argumentative essay is based more on facts instead of emotion. First and foremost it's imperative to be certain you comprehend the essay question fully and your essay answers each part of the question adequately. You should find the most suitable resources for your essay and patience when finding the proper inspiration to write. Remember that the amount of your essay is based on the assignment offered to you. Choosing Good Administration Essay Samples It isn't as demanding as other forms of academic papers, but nevertheless, it can provide you an overall insight on w riting providing you with the fundamental skills of information gathering, creating an outline, and editing. We're a company that specializes in professional writing service. It is critical to be aware that engineers are given the larger task of understand management and company principles in the context of engineering projects and tasks. I will join work in which i am planning to do a business I won't ever mind whatever might be the salary i will get the job done for gaining experience. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Administration Essay Samples When deciding on a high school essay format, step one is to spot the kind of essay you want to write. High school essay examples incorporate a number of short essays like narrative, persuasive and analytical. Continue reading this essay on great depression provisions. The upcoming few paragraphs will constitute most of your essay. There's numerous essays completed by them. An outline makes sure that you've got the vital components to compose a wonderful essay. It's always vital to understand a question in a suitable way. One of my favourite things about writing is that there's no correct or wrong answer. Let's say your topic is to explore an extracurricular activity that has played a massive influence on your life. A response to this question should mention the kid's strengths, their athletic and societal interests. Moreover, our English-speaking writers make sure every order has original content and an appropriate structure. In case you have any questions regarding this policy, please feel free to go over with me. Look through the list of topics with care and commence making a mental collection of the evidence it's possible to use on topics you prefer. Therefore, the organization ought to set up stable and inexpensive rate that can't be adversely affected while the conversation rates fluctuates.

Arabic Coffee Free Essay Example, 1250 words

Similarly, many others who might have had access to the coffee beyond the soils of Middle East must equally be stocking some stories about the uniqueness of the Arabic coffee. There are numerous steps involved in the preparation of Arabic coffee. These include coffee beans selection, picking the necessary spices to be used and establishing the blend. For many people, coffee is a passion. However, one has to practically experience traditional Arabic coffee in order to tell the big difference that exist between it and other coffee types (Illy and Viani 30) available in other parts of the world such as Europe. In fact, there are many variations that exist even within the Middle East itself. But what really distinguishes Arabic coffee from others? The uniqueness of Arabic coffee is embedded in the beans selection as well as the roasting method. The roasting of the coffee beans varies from moderately roasted to very dark roast. In between the two extremes are various levels of roasting. In certain occasions, beans of different levels of roasting are blended and spices added to the mixture. We will write a custom essay sample on Arabic Coffee or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Unlike other coffee brands such as the Italian coffee, which is often drunk with milk, Arabic coffee is taken without milk and only spices can be added instead of milk. The use of spices gives Arabic coffee a taste distinct from the rest of coffee that you have probably taken anywhere across the world. Dimashq, Ramallah, Riyadh together with Amman are the four major brands of Arabian coffee. Guidelines on how to order and drink Arabic coffee In the Middle East, the methods of preparation and serving of coffee vary significantly when compared to the Western countries. Coffee preparation method in the Middle East is often referred to as â€Å"Turkish Coffee† while others prefer to call it â€Å"Arabic Coffee†. Coffee is commonly referred to as â€Å"ahwa† in the Middle East. However, there are variations in how coffee is called in the region based on the dialect. Nonetheless, the variations are not far from each other and they refer to a common thing, coffee. When one is offered coffee or whenever he or she is making an order for coffee, he or she should inform the host or serve if sugar should be part of the coffee to be served. Indeed, for those who take sugar, it is usually added in the process of coffee preparation, but not after the preparation is finished. In many cases, Arabic coffee is tart and it is for this reason that many individuals find it necessary to add some sugar to reduce the tartn ess.

Pride in The Black Monk by Andrey Kovrin - 667 Words

Humans all experience pride in their life, both in the negative and the positive sense. Pride can mean being proud of your work; positive, or having an inordinately high opinion of yourself; negative. While Andrey in â€Å"The Black Monk† and Father Gonzaga demonstrate a negative sense of pride, Rilke recommends a positive sense of pride in ones own work. Each of these people feels pride, but for some it is a pride in accomplishment while for others it is a sense of aloofness. Andrey Kovrin in â€Å"The Black Monk† feels an inordinate sense of pride for his accomplishments. Andreys ego is so large that he is borderline megalomaniac and his hubris reaches a point where it is causing him to hallucinate. As a result of this, he is put on a special diet to cure him of his illusions. Kovrin says of this; â€Å"Why have you cured me?... All this will reduce me at last to idiocy... I saw hallucinations, but what harm did that do to anyone?† (Chekhov, 14) Andrey is so wr apped up in his pride that he refuses to accept that he is mentally ill. His ego is damaging because it blinds him from recognizing his mental condition. Although not in such an extreme, all people experience pride. One damaging effect of excessive pride is the refusal to accept help. Although Andrey accepted help from his wife and father, many people refuse this aid which can cause disastrous effects. While there is always the stereotypical example of men refusing to ask directions, both sexes are guilty of refusing medical

Anna Freud Free Essays

string(148) " was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children, and she studied deviations and delays in development\." Anna Freud (3 December 1895 – 9 October 1982) was the sixth and last child of Sigmund and Martha Freud. Born in Vienna, she followed the path of her father and contributed to the newly born field of psychoanalysis. Alongside Melanie Klein, she may be considered the founder of psychoanalytic child psychology: as her father put it, child analysis ‘had received a powerful impetus through â€Å"the work of Frau Melanie Klein and of my daughter, Anna Freud†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ. We will write a custom essay sample on Anna Freud or any similar topic only for you Order Now Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego and its ability to be trained socially. The Vienna years Anna Freud appears to have had a comparatively unhappy childhood, in which she ‘never made a close or pleasureable relationship with her mother, and was really nurtured by their Catholic nurse Josephine’. She had difficulties getting along with her siblings, specifically with her sister Sophie Freud (as well as troubles with her cousin Sonja Trierweiler, a â€Å"bad influence† on her). Her sister, Sophie, who was the more attractive child, represented a threat in the struggle for the affection of their father: ‘the two young Freuds developed their version of a common sisterly division of territories: â€Å"beauty† and â€Å"brains†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ, and their father once spoke of her ‘age-old jealousy of Sophie’. As well as this rivalry between the two sisters, Anna had other difficulties growing up – ‘a somewhat troubled youngster who complained to her father in candid letters how all sorts of unreasonable thoughts and feelings plagued her’. It seems that ‘in general, she was relentlessly competitive with her siblings†¦ nd was repeatedly sent to health farms for thorough rest, salutary walks, and some extra pounds to fill out her all too slender shape’: she may have suffered from a depression which caused eating disorders. The relationship between Anna and her father was different from the rest of her fa mily; they were very close. She was a lively child with a reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess in 1899: ‘Anna has become downright beautiful through naughtiness’. Freud is said to refer to her in his diaries more than others in the family. Later on Anna Freud would say that she didn’t learn much in school; instead she learned from her father and his guests at home. This was how she picked up Hebrew, German, English, French and Italian. At the age of 15, she started reading her father’s work: a dream she had ‘at the age of nineteen months†¦ [appeared in] The Interpretation of Dreams, and commentators have noted how ‘in the dream of little Anna†¦ little Anna only hallucinates forbidden objects’. Anna finished her education at the Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912. Suffering from a depression, she was very insecure about what to do in the future. Subsequently, she went to Italy to stay with her grandmother, and there is evidence that ‘In 1914 she travelled alone to England to improve her English’, but was forced to leave shortly after arriving because war was declared. In 1914 she passed the test to be a trainee at her old school, the Cottage Lyceum. From 1915 to 1917, she was a trainee, and then a teacher from 1917 to 1920. She finally quit her teaching career because of tuberculosis. In 1918, her father started psychoanalysis on her and she became seriously involved with this new profession. Her analysis was completed in 1922 and thereupon she presented the paper â€Å"The Relation of Beating Fantasies to a Daydream† to the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society, subsequently becoming a member. In 1923, Freud began her own psychoanalytical practice with children and two years later she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on the technique of child analysis. From 1925 until 1934, she was the Secretary of the International Psychoanalytical Association while she continued child analysis and seminars and conferences on the subject. In 1935, Freud became director of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Training Institute and in the following year she published her influential study of the â€Å"ways and means by which the ego wards off displeasure and anxiety†, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence. It became a founding work of ego psychology and established Freud’s reputation as a pioneering theoretician. In 1938 the Freuds had to flee from Austria as a consequence of the Nazis’ intensifying harassment of Jews in Vienna following the Anschluss by Germany. Her father’s health had deteriorated severely due to jaw cancer, so she had to organize the family’s emigration to London. Here she continued her work and took care of her father, who finally died in the autumn of 1939. When Anna arrived in London, a conflict came to a head between her and Melanie Klein regarding developmental theories of children, culminating in the Controversial discussions. The war gave Freud opportunity to observe the effect of deprivation of parental care on children. She set up a centre for young war victims, called â€Å"The Hampstead War Nursery†. Here the children got foster care although mothers were encouraged to visit as often as possible. The underlying idea was to give children the opportunity to form attachments by providing continuity of relationships. This was continued, after the war, at the Bulldogs Bank Home, which was an orphanage, run by colleagues of Freud, that took care of children who survived concentration camps. Based on these observations Anna published a series of studies with her longtime friend, Dorothy Burlingham-Tiffany on the impact of stress on children and the ability to find substitute affections among peers when parents cannot give them. In 1947, Freud and Kate Friedlaender established the Hampstead Child Therapy Courses. Five years later, a children’s clinic was added. Here they worked with Freud’s theory of thedevelopmental lines. Furthermore Freud started lecturing on child psychology: Siegfried Bernfeld and August Aichorn, who both had practical experience of dealing with children, were among her mentors in this. From the 1950s until the end of her life Freud travelled regularly to the United States to lecture, to teach and to visit friends. During the 1970s she was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children, and she studied deviations and delays in development. You read "Anna Freud" in category "Essay examples" At Yale Law School, she taught seminars on crime and the family: this led to a transatlantic collaboration with Joseph Goldstein and Albert Solnit on children and the law, published as Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973). Freud died in London on 9 October 1982. She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and her ashes placed in a marble shelf next to her parents’ ancient Greek funeral urn. Her lifelong friend Dorothy Burlingham and several other members of the Freud family also rest there. One year after Freud’s death a publication of her collected works appeared. She was mentioned as â€Å"a passionate and inspirational teacher† and in 1984 the Hampstead Clinic was renamed the Anna Freud Centre. Furthermore her home in London for forty years was in 1986, as she had wished, transformed into the Freud Museum, dedicated to her father and the psychoanalytical society. Major contributions to psychoanalysis Anna Freud’s first article, ‘on beating fantasies, drew in part on her own inner life, but th[at]†¦ made her contribution no less scientific’. In it she explained how ‘Daydreaming, which consciously may be designed to suppress masturbation, is mainly unconsciously an elaboration of the original masturbatory fantasies’. Freud had earlier covered very similar ground in ‘†A Child is Being Beaten†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ – ‘they both used material from her analysis as clinical illustration in their sometimes complementary papers’ – in which he highlighted a female case where ‘an elaborate superstructure of day-dreams, which was of great significance for the life of the person concerned, had grown up over the masochistic beating-phantasy†¦ one] which almost rose to the level of a work of art’. ‘Her views on child development, which she expounded in 1927 in her first book, An Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis, clashed with those of Melanie Klein†¦ [who] was departing from the developmental schedule that Freud, and his analyst daughter, found most plausible’. In particular, Anna Freud’s belief that ‘In children’s analysis, the transference plays a different role†¦ and the analyst not only â€Å"represents mother† but is still an original second mother in the life of the child’ became something of an orthodoxy over much of the psychoanalytic world. For her next major work in 1936, her ‘classic monograph on ego psychology and defense mechanisms, Anna Freud drew on her own clinical experience, but relied on her father’s writings as the principal and authoritative source of her theoretical insights’. Here her ‘cataloguing of regression, repression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against the self, reversal and sublimation’ helped establish the importance of the ego functions and the concept of defense mechanisms, continuing the greater emphasis on the ego of her father — ‘We should like to learn more about the ego’ — during his final decades. Special attention was paid in it to later childhood and adolescent developments — ‘I have always been more attracted to the latency period than the pre-Oedipal phases’ – emphasising how the ‘increased intellectual, scientific, and philosophical interests of this period represent attempts at mastering the drives’. The problem posed by physiological maturation has been stated forcefully by Anna Freud. â€Å"Aggressive impulses are intensified to the point of complete unruliness, hunger becomes voracity†¦ The reaction-formations, which seemed to be firmly established in the structure of the ego, threaten to fall to pieces†. Selma Fraiberg’s tribute of 1959 that ‘The writings of Anna Freud on ego psychology and her studies in early child development have illuminated the world of childhood for workers in the most varied professions and have been for me my introduction and most valuable guide spoke at that time for most of psychoanalysis outside the Kleinian heartland. Arguably, however, it was in Anna Freud’s London years ‘that she wrote her most distinguished psychoanalytic papers — including â€Å"About Losing and Being Lost†, which everyone should read regardless of their interest in psychoanalysis’. Her description therein of ‘simultaneous urges to remain loyal to the dead and to turn towards new ties with the living’ may perhaps reflect her own mourning process after her father’s recent death. Focusing thereafter on research, observation and treatment of children, Anna Freud established a group of prominent child developmental analysts (which included Erik Erikson, Edith Jacobson and Margaret Mahler) who noticed that children’s symptoms were ultimately analogue to personality disorders among adults and thus often related to developmental stages. Her book Normality and Pathology in Childhood (1965) summarised ‘the use of developmental lines charting theoretical normal growth â€Å"from dependency to emotional self-reliance†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ. Through these then revolutionary ideas Anna provided us with a comprehensive developmental theory and the concept of developmental lines, which combined her father’s important drive model with more recent object relations theories emphasizing the importance of parents in child development processes. Nevertheless her basic loyalty to her father’s work remained unimpaired, and it might indeed be said that ‘she devoted her life to protecting her father’s legacy†¦ In her theoretical work there would be little criticism of him, and she would make what is still the finest contribution to the psychoanalytic understanding of passivity’, or what she termed ‘altruistic surrender†¦ excessive concern and anxiety for the lives of his love objects’. Jacques Lacan called ‘Anna Freud the plumb line of psychoanalysis. Well, the plumb line doesn’t make a building†¦ but] it allows us to gauge the vertical of certain problems’; and by preserving so much of Freud’s legacy and standards she may indeed have served as something of a living yardstick. With psychoanalysis continuing to move away from classical Freudianism to other concerns, it may still be salutary to heed Anna Freud’s warning about the potential los s of her father’s ’emphasis on conflict within the individual person, the aims, ideas and ideals battling with the drives to keep the individual within a civilized community. It has become modern to water this down to every individual’s longing for perfect unity with his mother†¦ There is an enormous amount that gets lost this way’. About essential personal qualities in psychoanalysts â€Å"Dear John †¦ , You asked me what I consider essential personal qualities in a future psychoanalyst. The answer is comparatively simple. If you want to be a real psychoanalyst you have to have a great love of the truth, scientific truth as well as personal truth, and you have to place this appreciation of truth higher than any discomfort at meeting unpleasant facts, whether they belong to the world outside or to your own inner person. Further, I think that a psychoanalyst should have†¦ interests†¦ beyond the limits of the medical field†¦ in facts that belong to sociology, religion, literature, [and] history,†¦ [otherwise] his outlook on†¦ his patient will remain too narrow. This point contains†¦ the necessary preparations beyond the requirements made on candidates of psychoanalysis in the institutes. You ought to be a great reader and become acquainted with the literature of many countries and cultures. In the great literary figures you will find people who know at least as much of human nature as the psychiatrists and psychologists try to do. Does that answer your question? † In perhaps not dissimilar vein, she wrote in 1954 that ‘With due respect for the necessary strictest handling and interpretation of the transference, I feel still that we should leave room somewhere for the realization that analyst and patient are also two real people, of equal adult status, in a real personal relationship to each other. How to cite Anna Freud, Essay examples Anna Freud Free Essays string(148) " was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children, and she studied deviations and delays in development\." Anna Freud (3 December 1895 – 9 October 1982) was the sixth and last child of Sigmund and Martha Freud. Born in Vienna, she followed the path of her father and contributed to the newly born field of psychoanalysis. Alongside Melanie Klein, she may be considered the founder of psychoanalytic child psychology: as her father put it, child analysis ‘had received a powerful impetus through â€Å"the work of Frau Melanie Klein and of my daughter, Anna Freud†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ. We will write a custom essay sample on Anna Freud or any similar topic only for you Order Now Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego and its ability to be trained socially. The Vienna years Anna Freud appears to have had a comparatively unhappy childhood, in which she ‘never made a close or pleasureable relationship with her mother, and was really nurtured by their Catholic nurse Josephine’. She had difficulties getting along with her siblings, specifically with her sister Sophie Freud (as well as troubles with her cousin Sonja Trierweiler, a â€Å"bad influence† on her). Her sister, Sophie, who was the more attractive child, represented a threat in the struggle for the affection of their father: ‘the two young Freuds developed their version of a common sisterly division of territories: â€Å"beauty† and â€Å"brains†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ, and their father once spoke of her ‘age-old jealousy of Sophie’. As well as this rivalry between the two sisters, Anna had other difficulties growing up – ‘a somewhat troubled youngster who complained to her father in candid letters how all sorts of unreasonable thoughts and feelings plagued her’. It seems that ‘in general, she was relentlessly competitive with her siblings†¦ nd was repeatedly sent to health farms for thorough rest, salutary walks, and some extra pounds to fill out her all too slender shape’: she may have suffered from a depression which caused eating disorders. The relationship between Anna and her father was different from the rest of her fa mily; they were very close. She was a lively child with a reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess in 1899: ‘Anna has become downright beautiful through naughtiness’. Freud is said to refer to her in his diaries more than others in the family. Later on Anna Freud would say that she didn’t learn much in school; instead she learned from her father and his guests at home. This was how she picked up Hebrew, German, English, French and Italian. At the age of 15, she started reading her father’s work: a dream she had ‘at the age of nineteen months†¦ [appeared in] The Interpretation of Dreams, and commentators have noted how ‘in the dream of little Anna†¦ little Anna only hallucinates forbidden objects’. Anna finished her education at the Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912. Suffering from a depression, she was very insecure about what to do in the future. Subsequently, she went to Italy to stay with her grandmother, and there is evidence that ‘In 1914 she travelled alone to England to improve her English’, but was forced to leave shortly after arriving because war was declared. In 1914 she passed the test to be a trainee at her old school, the Cottage Lyceum. From 1915 to 1917, she was a trainee, and then a teacher from 1917 to 1920. She finally quit her teaching career because of tuberculosis. In 1918, her father started psychoanalysis on her and she became seriously involved with this new profession. Her analysis was completed in 1922 and thereupon she presented the paper â€Å"The Relation of Beating Fantasies to a Daydream† to the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society, subsequently becoming a member. In 1923, Freud began her own psychoanalytical practice with children and two years later she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on the technique of child analysis. From 1925 until 1934, she was the Secretary of the International Psychoanalytical Association while she continued child analysis and seminars and conferences on the subject. In 1935, Freud became director of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Training Institute and in the following year she published her influential study of the â€Å"ways and means by which the ego wards off displeasure and anxiety†, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence. It became a founding work of ego psychology and established Freud’s reputation as a pioneering theoretician. In 1938 the Freuds had to flee from Austria as a consequence of the Nazis’ intensifying harassment of Jews in Vienna following the Anschluss by Germany. Her father’s health had deteriorated severely due to jaw cancer, so she had to organize the family’s emigration to London. Here she continued her work and took care of her father, who finally died in the autumn of 1939. When Anna arrived in London, a conflict came to a head between her and Melanie Klein regarding developmental theories of children, culminating in the Controversial discussions. The war gave Freud opportunity to observe the effect of deprivation of parental care on children. She set up a centre for young war victims, called â€Å"The Hampstead War Nursery†. Here the children got foster care although mothers were encouraged to visit as often as possible. The underlying idea was to give children the opportunity to form attachments by providing continuity of relationships. This was continued, after the war, at the Bulldogs Bank Home, which was an orphanage, run by colleagues of Freud, that took care of children who survived concentration camps. Based on these observations Anna published a series of studies with her longtime friend, Dorothy Burlingham-Tiffany on the impact of stress on children and the ability to find substitute affections among peers when parents cannot give them. In 1947, Freud and Kate Friedlaender established the Hampstead Child Therapy Courses. Five years later, a children’s clinic was added. Here they worked with Freud’s theory of thedevelopmental lines. Furthermore Freud started lecturing on child psychology: Siegfried Bernfeld and August Aichorn, who both had practical experience of dealing with children, were among her mentors in this. From the 1950s until the end of her life Freud travelled regularly to the United States to lecture, to teach and to visit friends. During the 1970s she was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children, and she studied deviations and delays in development. You read "Anna Freud" in category "Papers" At Yale Law School, she taught seminars on crime and the family: this led to a transatlantic collaboration with Joseph Goldstein and Albert Solnit on children and the law, published as Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973). Freud died in London on 9 October 1982. She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and her ashes placed in a marble shelf next to her parents’ ancient Greek funeral urn. Her lifelong friend Dorothy Burlingham and several other members of the Freud family also rest there. One year after Freud’s death a publication of her collected works appeared. She was mentioned as â€Å"a passionate and inspirational teacher† and in 1984 the Hampstead Clinic was renamed the Anna Freud Centre. Furthermore her home in London for forty years was in 1986, as she had wished, transformed into the Freud Museum, dedicated to her father and the psychoanalytical society. Major contributions to psychoanalysis Anna Freud’s first article, ‘on beating fantasies, drew in part on her own inner life, but th[at]†¦ made her contribution no less scientific’. In it she explained how ‘Daydreaming, which consciously may be designed to suppress masturbation, is mainly unconsciously an elaboration of the original masturbatory fantasies’. Freud had earlier covered very similar ground in ‘†A Child is Being Beaten†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ – ‘they both used material from her analysis as clinical illustration in their sometimes complementary papers’ – in which he highlighted a female case where ‘an elaborate superstructure of day-dreams, which was of great significance for the life of the person concerned, had grown up over the masochistic beating-phantasy†¦ one] which almost rose to the level of a work of art’. ‘Her views on child development, which she expounded in 1927 in her first book, An Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis, clashed with those of Melanie Klein†¦ [who] was departing from the developmental schedule that Freud, and his analyst daughter, found most plausible’. In particular, Anna Freud’s belief that ‘In children’s analysis, the transference plays a different role†¦ and the analyst not only â€Å"represents mother† but is still an original second mother in the life of the child’ became something of an orthodoxy over much of the psychoanalytic world. For her next major work in 1936, her ‘classic monograph on ego psychology and defense mechanisms, Anna Freud drew on her own clinical experience, but relied on her father’s writings as the principal and authoritative source of her theoretical insights’. Here her ‘cataloguing of regression, repression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against the self, reversal and sublimation’ helped establish the importance of the ego functions and the concept of defense mechanisms, continuing the greater emphasis on the ego of her father — ‘We should like to learn more about the ego’ — during his final decades. Special attention was paid in it to later childhood and adolescent developments — ‘I have always been more attracted to the latency period than the pre-Oedipal phases’ – emphasising how the ‘increased intellectual, scientific, and philosophical interests of this period represent attempts at mastering the drives’. The problem posed by physiological maturation has been stated forcefully by Anna Freud. â€Å"Aggressive impulses are intensified to the point of complete unruliness, hunger becomes voracity†¦ The reaction-formations, which seemed to be firmly established in the structure of the ego, threaten to fall to pieces†. Selma Fraiberg’s tribute of 1959 that ‘The writings of Anna Freud on ego psychology and her studies in early child development have illuminated the world of childhood for workers in the most varied professions and have been for me my introduction and most valuable guide spoke at that time for most of psychoanalysis outside the Kleinian heartland. Arguably, however, it was in Anna Freud’s London years ‘that she wrote her most distinguished psychoanalytic papers — including â€Å"About Losing and Being Lost†, which everyone should read regardless of their interest in psychoanalysis’. Her description therein of ‘simultaneous urges to remain loyal to the dead and to turn towards new ties with the living’ may perhaps reflect her own mourning process after her father’s recent death. Focusing thereafter on research, observation and treatment of children, Anna Freud established a group of prominent child developmental analysts (which included Erik Erikson, Edith Jacobson and Margaret Mahler) who noticed that children’s symptoms were ultimately analogue to personality disorders among adults and thus often related to developmental stages. Her book Normality and Pathology in Childhood (1965) summarised ‘the use of developmental lines charting theoretical normal growth â€Å"from dependency to emotional self-reliance†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ. Through these then revolutionary ideas Anna provided us with a comprehensive developmental theory and the concept of developmental lines, which combined her father’s important drive model with more recent object relations theories emphasizing the importance of parents in child development processes. Nevertheless her basic loyalty to her father’s work remained unimpaired, and it might indeed be said that ‘she devoted her life to protecting her father’s legacy†¦ In her theoretical work there would be little criticism of him, and she would make what is still the finest contribution to the psychoanalytic understanding of passivity’, or what she termed ‘altruistic surrender†¦ excessive concern and anxiety for the lives of his love objects’. Jacques Lacan called ‘Anna Freud the plumb line of psychoanalysis. Well, the plumb line doesn’t make a building†¦ but] it allows us to gauge the vertical of certain problems’; and by preserving so much of Freud’s legacy and standards she may indeed have served as something of a living yardstick. With psychoanalysis continuing to move away from classical Freudianism to other concerns, it may still be salutary to heed Anna Freud’s warning about the potential los s of her father’s ’emphasis on conflict within the individual person, the aims, ideas and ideals battling with the drives to keep the individual within a civilized community. It has become modern to water this down to every individual’s longing for perfect unity with his mother†¦ There is an enormous amount that gets lost this way’. About essential personal qualities in psychoanalysts â€Å"Dear John †¦ , You asked me what I consider essential personal qualities in a future psychoanalyst. The answer is comparatively simple. If you want to be a real psychoanalyst you have to have a great love of the truth, scientific truth as well as personal truth, and you have to place this appreciation of truth higher than any discomfort at meeting unpleasant facts, whether they belong to the world outside or to your own inner person. Further, I think that a psychoanalyst should have†¦ interests†¦ beyond the limits of the medical field†¦ in facts that belong to sociology, religion, literature, [and] history,†¦ [otherwise] his outlook on†¦ his patient will remain too narrow. This point contains†¦ the necessary preparations beyond the requirements made on candidates of psychoanalysis in the institutes. You ought to be a great reader and become acquainted with the literature of many countries and cultures. In the great literary figures you will find people who know at least as much of human nature as the psychiatrists and psychologists try to do. Does that answer your question? † In perhaps not dissimilar vein, she wrote in 1954 that ‘With due respect for the necessary strictest handling and interpretation of the transference, I feel still that we should leave room somewhere for the realization that analyst and patient are also two real people, of equal adult status, in a real personal relationship to each other. How to cite Anna Freud, Papers

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Overview of Brazils capital. National significance, culture, politics, history, geography, planning, problems and socioeconomics. The capital of Brazil is Brasilia, a city bulldozed from the wilderness in 1957. This city holds a special place not only because it was a planned city but because it has become the focus for various groups that see the region as mystic in nature. Brazil is a gigantic country that offers startling geographic and socioeconomic contrasts. The culture that has developed in this area, constituting the fifth largest nation in the world, is marked by the use of Portuguese as the official language and the mixture of Portuguese and Brazilian cultures makes this area subtly different from its neighbors with their Hispanic heritage. Brazil is also the largest Roman Catholic nation in the world. The nation is also made up of many immigrant groups from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including millions of Italians, Germans, Slavs, Arabs, Japanese, and others, all of. We will write a custom essay sample on Brasilia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .