Discipline Problem Among Teenagers in College Essay

Every education center has their own rules as well as our college. The rules made to ensure our college system run smoothly. As a student, we must follow the rules but not violate it. We should be a role model to the next batch. Unfortunately, there are many discipline problem occurred in the first semester only such as skip class, sneak out, smoking, coupling and others. As we know, college students are the chosen one to continue their study in higher level of education after exam. But, our college still have various discipline problems that need to be minimizes. The meaning of discipline is a training expected to produce a specific character or pattern of behaviour especially training that produces moral or mental improvement. Based on the definition, we know that students in college has high standard education environment and have strict rules too. But, why does discipline problem still happen in our college? Why does this excellent student still make a discipline problem? Don’t they think that discipline problem that they make will affect their future? That’s why we want to investigate whether excellent students have fewer discipline problems or not. In our research, we have three main objectives that we will tag along until end of this project. The first main objective is to know whether excellent student has high discipline problem or not. Secondly, what is the most popular discipline problem in our college. Lastly, which gender has the higher discipline problem. Based on our research, we want to find out why does the students still make discipline problem instead obey the rules and what encourage them to make discipline problem. As we all, students of college, living in a hostel without no one guides us like at home, we tend to make mistake without knowing it as a discipline problem and we easier to be influence by our friends. That’s why we need to think other suitable method to solve the problem or at least minimize the number of discipline problem in our college that is after we done doing this research. After the exam result announced, we knew that excellent students would definitely stayed in this college. That’s why we will give our questionnaires to random students. Hence, we assume that excellent students have less record of discipline problem.

Processor of Frozen Foods Essay

Over time, the costs of processing go down because as organizations learn how to do things better, they become more efficient. In color film processing, for example, the cost of a 3-by-5-inch print fell from 50 cents for five-day service in 1970 to 20 cents for one-day service in 1984. The same principle applies to the processing of food. And since Olympic Foods will soon celebrate its 25th birthday, we can expect that our long experience will enable us to minimize costs and thus maximize profits. The Olympic Foods tries to convince its stockholders through its annual report that it can increase profits as it has long experience. This is supported by comparing with a color film industry in which, the cost of a 3-by-5-inch print feel from 50 cents for five-day service in 1970 to 20 cents for one-day service in 1984. This argument makes some assumptions which is not supported with evidences. The Olympic Foods wrongly compares itself with a color film processing industry. The techniques and environment applicable to the color film processing industry may not be applicable to the food processing industry. What applies to a color film may not apply to food. For example, irrespective of the company’s experience, the time taken for a food to ferment would not change significantly. Just the 25 years of experience cannot be mentioned as a reason for increased profits. Other factors such as climate, market competition would also affect the profit of a company. With all such factors taken into consideration, if it can be proved that experience helps in reducing costs and maximizing profits, the argument would be strengthened. Since the argument misses several key issues, it is not very sound. If it included the points discussed above, the argument could have been thorough and more convincing.

Ethical Issues in International Business Essay

Tip usually refers to an offer made after services have been rendered. It is not of a legal concern. However, bribing is something of serious concern and it is questionable. Bribing to get a business contract is to secure favor against a party. However, when tip is offered in large amount in order to get a bigger table, it cannot be said as similar to bribing. But it has very little ethical concern compared to bribing for securing a business contract. Securing a better table is having a favor by offering a heavy tip but it does not stand equivalent to bribery. Bribing is more serious because it can affect business dealings and contract loss of the opposing party against which bribe is offered. For example, if two parties wanted to have same contract, but one of them bribed to gain the contract then the other party is a looser and lost their contract and business. So just securing a good table is not of very serious concern as compared to securing of business contract. Bribing is to harm others and gain favor when other party was strong enough to beat the competition. Securing a better table is much less serious issue and it does not involve any legal concerns and does not harm others. But though, it is just getting an advantage over others and getting better place than others. But now-a-days people have started offering heavy tips to have a better table. The moral here is this that thinking of oneself as more important than others. Though in both cases it somewhat looks the same that you’re offering money to get favor and advantage over others. But deeper consequences, legal issues and ethical issues are involved in case of bribing. Securing a table does not involve any legal issues or ethical issues of deeper concern. Tipping cannot be said compatible to bribing. Bribery is far more immoral attitude compared to securing a table. It involves breaking a deal with one party when it already had 90% chances to secure the deal before bribery. Hence, the company who actually deserved the right to have a contract looses it and the one who were not qualified get the deal by offering bribe. Thus, it is an immoral approach, promise breaking, and snatching of rights of other party. It may also involve some legal issues when damages incurred are severe because of bribe. Alienation of agency is one of the worst immoralities, and it happens when bribe-taker’s company breaks the deal or contract with another party after receiving the bribe. There are several other severe consequences of bribe apart from alienation of agency (Andrade, 1985). Therefore, it is understandable that bribe is totally an immoral act. And sometimes it becomes so necessary to bribe that in certain countries nothing gets done if you don’t give bribe (Koukl, 1996). Bribe also results in injustice and prevent justice among the parties. Securing a good table at restaurant, though, to seek a better place in restaurant and to have better service and favor over others is not a severe case as bribery is. Many restaurant owners admit that there is ‘little choice between the tables and only to make more money we reserve some fancy tables. ’ Our morals and ethical issues are not much of concern in having better table. But bribery has several and immoral consequences.

Cause and effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Cause and effect - Essay Example It negatively affects a child’s health and well-being. It is a serious condition, which causes many heath problems as well as psychological problems for the children not only in their childhood but also in the adulthood. Lack of self-confidence is one of the major psychological effects of obesity on children. In addition, obese children do not find it easy to make friends because they are afraid of the comments that other children often pass to them. On the other hand, some of the most common health risks of childhood obesity revealed through various researches include joint pains, high level of cholesterol, heart problems, and high blood pressure. Smith (1999) states, â€Å"Obese people do not live as long as other people† (p. 5). Some other physical problems include inability to play games that require physical exertion and decrease in the stamina. There are various causes of childhood obesity. Some of the main causes include lack of focus towards physical exercises, genetics, and improper diet (Parizkova & Hills, 2005). Another cause of childhood obesity is poor nutritional habits. Researches prove that almost 45 percent of the obese children in the United States eat snacks and junk foods instead of taking a balanced diet. The poor diet choice of such children increase the level of fat in their bodies making them overweight as compared to other children of their age who take balanced diet daily. Moreover, some children like to play video games instead of playing such games, which require physical exertion. This trend in such children also leads to obesity. There exist some effective ways to control this medical problem. It can be controlled by taking balanced diet, doing physical exercises, and participating in social activities. Parents and teachers hold the responsibility to educate children about the effects of obesity to make them take balanced diet. Children should play more

The Aspect of Family within Asian Culture Research Paper

The Aspect of Family within Asian Culture - Research Paper Example The analysis of the aspect of family within the Asian culture will focus on the nuclear and extended family, children and up keeping, marriage and divorce, and the respect accorded to parents. Other aspects that are of some importance include the effect of family on business relationships, and some few aspects that will be added in the paper. Asian family culture demands that families stay as close to one another as possible, so it is not uncommon to find completely close knit families in the Asian tradition and cultures (Abazov, 20). Existing literature states that the family is the most important part of the Asian make-up; therefore, considerations for the nuclear family take center stage in every individual’s life. This means that an individual will always consider the immediate family in every action. An example of this fact is the communal activity that each family will engage in together; an analysis of the culture reveals that most families will have communal activities to bring the family together, for example, during meal times; it is not uncommon to find the whole family eating together. As indicated, the aspect of the family in the Asian culture takes priority over all other aspects, which is probably a means of increasing family cohesion and instilling cultural values in the children. Relations in the nuclear family are normally blurred, since an individual is normally expected to have the same consideration for the extended family as the nuclear family. Therefore, it is to be expected that an extended family will live together in complete harmony, and the aspect of the nuclear family is only seen in urbanized areas. An analysis of the Asian family culture also indicates that the Asian culture has a deep rooted sense of respect for all family members, as is indicated by the values taught to children at a tender age (Teng 63). The Confucian system dictates that the sense of respect is instilled in the family values that are taught to children and all other members of the society. In the Asian culture, it is not uncommon to find several parts of the family brought together to honor other parts of the family. The Asian culture reveals that the identity of an individual is focused on the collective rather that the self. This means that an individual will have consideration for the whole society rather than the individualistic aspect. In the Western and American culture, it is common to find individuals with considerations only for the self, however, in the Asian culture, an individual is instilled with the values of the collective society, and therefore, an individual will consider the family before the self. As already mentioned, the Confucian system of family values is entrenched in the Asian tradition, therefore, it is to be expected that an individual will consider all other people before the self. According to Confucian tradition, all families have hierarchies, and every member of the family has a special part to play in the smooth running of the family (Hung and Smith). For example, the father in the house is the undisputed head of the family and is expected to provide for his wife and offspring without fail. The Confucian theory of family values dictates that the family is more important than the individual, so the eldest son in the family also has their own responsibility. For example, the eldest son is expected to have responsibility to the parents, siblings, and finally to the wife and daughters. The previous aspect discussed brings to light another aspect of the Asian

Greek and Roman Architecture and Chartres Cathedral Essay

Greek and Roman Architecture and Chartres Cathedral - Essay Example The inspiration was mainly derived from â€Å"Mycenaean megaron.† Their religious temples were different from those of Egyptians and Hindus, however; their temples had â€Å"Cella† which is their porch or the centre room with the statue of god in the centre as the main chief of the temple. This Cella or the centre room was usually surrounded by single or double rows of columns. Their Columns hold a central position in the design of the temple. The idea and design of post and lintel design of the columns was an inspiration derived from Egyptians which Greeks changed with their own decoration and format. They typically used Ionic, Doric and Corinthian design for column building. On the other hand, Romans followed Greek architectural design in buildings. Romans were the first ones to use concrete as an important building material. Their architectural design developed a relationship between the form and the function. They were the first ones to introduce roman arch in their temple designs. Their three famous structures include The Aqueducts, The Coliseum and The Pantheon. Chartres Cathedral in France is the best example of Gothic architecture. Chartres Cathedral best expresses the gothic art in the modern world today through its intact sculptures and stained glass windows. The Cathedral was completed in three different stages and each stage adds a different gothic touch to the building. The Cathedral is a magnificent piece of artwork, sculptures and towers. The towers are inspired by the Roman designs and style (Titus Burckhardt). The Cathedral has almost 150 stained glass windows which represent different stories and events from the bibles. Greeks and Romans have left their heavy influence on the history of architecture. They added meaning, expression and intelligence to the design of the buildings and temples which were followed by other nations,

EasyJet Airline exam note Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

EasyJet Airline exam note - Essay Example A PEST analysis of the organisation is carried out to establish the macro-environmental impact on the firm. EasyJet operates in more than 30 countries that have do not have trade restrictions. This increases revenue since the firm can cover more areas. Due to the global terror threat, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Israel, and Spain among other countries have put restrictions to ensure passenger safety. This has reduced travels to some extent. Governments have also put baggage restrictions for airlines along with passengers (Taneja, 2012, p.56; easyJet, 2013). The firm complies with various tax policies in its areas of operation. Most of the tax regulations are favourable to the firm, thus impacting positively on the flight operations. For example, the corporate tax policy in Europe is business-friendly. This has also enabled the process of optimisation in service delivery to meet the customer needs and requirements regardless of existing precedents and territories on implementing the system (Jones, 2012, p.34). The reduction of fuel costs have made the firm increase its revenue due to reduced operational costs, thus reducing the cost of capital for the firm (easy Jet, 2014). The reduction in fuel costs has also increased competition in the aviation industry as various airlines have reduced the ticket prices, thus making more customers use service and also leading to price wars (Katie, 2013, p.123). Besides, globalisation is projected to boost air traffic in the long run. More people are projected to travel due to increased interconnection among people across the globe. In the same way, as Europe becomes integrated; the introduction of the single currency is expected to bring more business to easyJet (easyJet, 2014). The Euro is used in over 19 nations among the member states of the European Union. The financial reports evidence that the firm is improving economically. At the moment, pound is against the

A Case Study Related To Risk & Value Management

A Related To Risk & Value Management - Case Study Example The major risks of the company may arise to decrease in sales of plastic products, reduction in per unit price of plastic products, difficulty in coping up with the competition in the market, economic scenario, regulation and intervention of authorities, political intervention, social climate, competitive technology, environmental surroundings and legal issues. Let us consider each of these categories of risk separately for AutoPlast Ltd (Jones, 2010, p.19). Considering the present scenario of chemical leakage from the storage plant of AutoPlast Ltd. and contamination of water of River Cruze and subsequent outbreak of fire leading to the health problem of the surrounding housing estates, village and fish market, there is a dominant upheaval from the local community against the operation of AutoPlast Ltd. It is evident that there would be political intervention due to mismatch and fulfilment of interest of the political parties leading to several agitations and discussion between the management of AutoPlast Ltd. and the political entities. Political intervention would lead to demand of hefty compensations for the health-affected people and any disagreement on mutual points would lead to unplanned expenditures of the company that is likely to affect the profit margin of AutoPlast Ltd (Coleman, 1988, p.11). Economic Although AutoPlast Ltd. is considered to be a major player in the local economy employing several local people surrounding the river Cruze, the present scenario of fire outbreak due to the operations of the company leading to respiratory and health issues of local mass would generate a sense of disloyalty and hatred towards the brand of AutoPlast Ltd. and hence they would have a tendency to reject its products leading to the fall in production and price of AutoPlast Ltd. Thus, the economic risk of AutoPlast Ltd. in the present scenario needs to deal with in a strategic manner by the management of the company (Shapiro and  Glicksman, 2004, p.106). Soc ial Considering the present scenario of AutoPlast Ltd., the society has shown some tolerance to the company as it employs a majority of the workers in the local community. But considering the extent of damage in terms of life and death and the psychological impact on the society due to presence of stimulants, the extent of risk that AutoPlast Ltd. is going to bear in terms of goodwill and subsequent volume and value of sales is considerable. Technological Considering the present scenario, AutoPlast Ltd. would run the risk of devaluation and distrust of the technologies used in its industrial operation and process of manufacturing plastic products. The company would need to reconsider its cost on research and development of the technologies used. The up-gradation of technologies would need to be looked upon by the management so that there is no further chemical leakage from its storage during operation. The decisions of the management would ensure that AutoPlast Ltd. adheres to its c orporate social responsibility. Legal Due to the present scena

Type II diabetes in Adults Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Type II diabetes in Adults - Research Paper Example process of the disease, the pancreases makes extra insulin to make up for it but as time progresses it can no longer keep up and lacks the ability of making enough insulin of sustaining the glucose levels to their normal levels. The liver, fat and muscle cells lack their ability to respond correctly to insulin, and the blood sugars do not get into the cells where they are stored for energy. Thus, this results in a high level of sugars building up in the blood a condition that is referred to as hyperglycemia. When greater glucose levels build up in the blood, the body lacks its ability to function properly. This can result in damage to nerves and small vessels in the kidneys, eyes and heart resulting in atherosclerosis, heart attacks or even stroke. Dehydration is also bound to result as high levels of sugars build up results in increased urination, and the person may also suffer from a diabetic coma (Guidelines & Force, 2005). The symptoms of type II diabetes build up slowly, and an individual may be suffering from the condition for years without their knowledge. Common symptoms include increased urination and thirst as the excess buildup of sugars in the body causes fluids to be pulled out of the body tissues. The person also suffers from increased hunger due to the inability of insulin to help in the moving of sugar in the cells and body muscles thus the person become depleted of energy. Weight loss is another symptom though individuals have a tendency of eating more than usual in an effort of relieving hunger (Alberti et al., 2007). Due to the body’s inability of metabolizing glucose, it utilizes other sources of energy stored in fat and muscles resulting in weight loss. The person also suffers from fatigue due to the depletion of sugars in the body, therefore; the body becomes irritable and tired. When the sugars levels are too high, the fluid is pulled from the eye lenses resulting in blurred vision. Other symptoms include slow healing and reduce body

Constitutional & Administrative Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Constitutional & Administrative Law - Essay Example he first being that the parliament may legislate upon any subject-matter; secondly that Parliament could not be restricted by a predecessor not restrict the powers of a future Parliament; and finally the validity of Acts of Parliament cannot be challenged. Under the legal theory Parliament is entitled to pass law on anything once it has been passed by the House of Commons, House of Lords and receives Royal Assent and such would be held to be legally valid. The limits that have been listed down are those that have been laid down by the democratic process. Thus theoretically the powers of the parliament are absolute and so an Act can extend beyond the territory of the United Kingdom. Furthermore, Parliament can legislate with the Act having retrospective effect. As far as international law is concerned it cannot have effect unless implemented by the Parliament by introduction of an Act. As far as Parliament being bound or being able to bind its successor is concerned importance has been placed on the Act of Union with Scotland 1707, whereby it was suggested that intention of the Act was that it cannot be repealed; however, it is important to mention that there have been amendments that have been made. In Attorney General for New South Wales v. Trethowan2 the Privy Council found the Parliament to be bound by a previous Act while citing the reason that the earlier Act had to be repealed first and so if it was not repealed then the Parliament was bound by it. As far as the new view of sovereignty is concerned Sir Ivor Jennings and Professors Heuston, Marshall, Mitchell and de Smith have stated that Parliament can bind its successor, by redefining itself or by setting out ‘ manner and form’ provisions which need to be followed. A recent example in respect of the procedural requirements is that of Northern Ireland Act 1998 whereby it stated that the Northern Ireland would remain a part of United Kingdom unless done to the contrary by means of a referendum by the

The Difference Between an Licensed Practical Nurs and Registered Nurse Essay Example for Free

The Difference Between an Licensed Practical Nurs and Registered Nurse Essay It takes a lot of courage to let go of what is known, familiar, and comfortable. Change is a driving force in everyone. Like a butterfly, individuals in the nursing field may go through similar stages of metamorphosis, which is a process of growth, change, and development, (Wikipedia Foundation, 2006). Nurses have a vast amount of opportunity for growth and change in the healthcare field. The nursing profession has often been viewed as target of change rather than a force that proposes, leads, and implements change†(Habel,2005). Many individuals are choosing to evolve and expand their careers and obtain their bachelor’s degree in nursing. While the Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) performs much of the same skills, the student professional nurse must refine his or her skills in clinical judgment, collaboration, leadership, and delegation to effectively care for their patients as a professional nurse. The many comparisons and contrasts to the role of a Registered Nurse (RN) to an LPN can vary by their credentials. However, there are differences and similarities in pay, education, training, abilities, and their qualifications that are required for them to practice safely, and legally. While it is true that both are ultimately charged with providing quality patient care, the differences are vast and the careers of the two are usually very different. When comparing the differences in opportunities between a RN and LPN, one must first understand the abilities and skills sets of each. This paper will highlight some of the differences between and LPN and RN. Difference between an LPN and RN According to the Florida Nurse Practice Act, a Registered Nurse means any person licensed in this state to practice professional nursing and a Licensed Practical Nurse means any person licensed in this state to practice practical nursing. Practice of professional nursing means the performance of those acts requiring substantial specialized knowledge, judgment, and nursing skill based upon applied principles of psychological, biological, physical, and social sciences which shall include, but not be limited to the observation, assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, intervention, and evaluation of care; health teaching and counseling of the ill, injured, or infirm; and the promotion of wellness, maintenance of health, and prevention of illness of others. The administration of medications and treatments as prescribed or authorized by a duly licensed practitioner authorized by the laws of this state to prescribe such medications and treatments. The supervision and teaching of other personnel in the theory and performance of any of the above acts. Practice of practical nursing means the performance of selected acts, including the administration of treatments and medications, in the care of the ill, injured, or infirm and the promotion of wellness, maintenance of health, and prevention of illness of others under the direction of a registered nurse, a licensed physician, a licensed osteopathic physician, a licensed podiatric physician, or a licensed dentist. The professional nurse and the practical nurse shall be responsible and accountable for making decisions that are based upon the individuals educational preparation and experience in nursing. As an LPN, in the setting where I work, I must admit that some of my roles differ significantly from that of an RN for example there are some medications that I have to administer under the direction of an RN such as IV pushes also it is not within my scope to do an initial admission assessment, whereas the RN is allowed to do those duties. An Rn can make a decision that a client will require a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC line) for the administration of fluids and/or medications and so can call a doctor for such an order. Thinking about the positive role models around me, I have to admit that the person I admire most is Florence Nightingale, who has been a pioneer in nursing. Her lasting contribution has been her role in founding the modern nursing profession, which has opened the doors of nursing for me. She has set an example of compassion, commitment to patient care, and diligent and thoughtful hospital administration, which I have been using and will always be apart of who I am, not only as a nurse but as a person. I endeavor just as Nightingale to leave an indelible mark in the field of nursing. My personal philosophy of nursing is that one must contemplate the qualities of the endeavors to which a nurse obligates their heart and soul to. A nurse commits to being the embodiment of altruism, charisma, empathy, and knowledge applied to the enterprise of protection, promotion, and enhancement of the holistic health states of all persons. This includes, and is not limited to a nurse’s practice in the professional arena, but also a nurse takes this way of thinking outside the workplace to uphold these ideals. So too should nurses reflect on their own knowledge base and strive to be always yearning for new experiences and understanding to elevate the level of professionalism inherent in their application of nursing. Furthermore, I believe nurses are obligated to their fellow professionals, as an integral part of the health care team, to aid and improve the ability of their peers. This collegiality is essential to the upkeep of the trusted image a nurse has among their colleagues and the public. Additionally, this allows for greater cohesion between health care workers and provides the patients with requisite care that espouses the statement of nursing above. Finally, a nurse must always remember to whom they are ultimately accountable; their patient. This accountability is first and foremost in upholding the principles a nurse represents. A nurse should constantly be asking themselves whether or not the care they are providing is exceeding the expectations of their patients and bestowing health advancement to preserve the patient’s health integrity. Moreover, a nurse must remain vigilant of the duty to themselves in the same regard by being able to self-evaluate: â€Å"Am I providing the exceptional, empathic, and optimal holistic care that my patient deserves and that I can be proud of? †

Psychology and Social Situations Essay Example for Free

Psychology and Social Situations Essay Providing incentive for individuals to establish a carpool system or take the bus instead will motivate them to resort to these resolutions although it has been unsuccessful. The government and other organizations that campaign against overdependence on private vehicles which contribute to heavy traffic should not expect that simply asking the people to share rides and take buses in order to lessen the number of vehicles on the road will work. People should be given incentives in adhering to the requests of concerned organizations, such as free fare or transportation allowances for the people. Organizations and establishments concentrated on a specific location should grant employees with free rides on shuttles that will take them to and from work everyday. This allows individuals to understand that sharing rides and taking the buses will save them the fare and lessen inconveniences caused by heavy traffic. 2. From this particular situation, we may deduce the disparity of knowledge and competencies displayed by children. Individual differences also cause differences on the rate of performance within the classroom, such that there are those that excel and those who fail depending on the cognitive faculties. Assignments are provided by teachers not only to reinforce learning and introduce the succeeding lesson, but also to give children the chance to catch up and experience success through home-based activities that allow them to learn at their own pace. Children who are identified to be the lowest-achieving in class think about their chance of pulling up their grades by spending more time on their assignments and excelling through them. This is the same reason why excellent performers do not spend more time on their homework, because they already have experienced success within the classroom setting. 3. Providing rewards is a good way of motivating children and reinforcing learning. There are various forms of rewards that teachers will be able to use including tangible rewards. Although concrete objects are considered as rewards, they should be given in moderation. Teachers should look for other forms of rewards such as praises and commendations, exemptions from school work or activities, and other types of non-tangible rewards. The danger of utilizing concrete objects as rewards is that children will not be able to learn the value of maintaining desirable learning behavior in class. Every action that they take will depend on the presence of a tangible reward at all times. In this case, desirable learning behaviors are not reinforced and sustained throughout the learning process, and children will only choose to perform well and exhibit good behavior when they see that there will be tangible rewards made available for them after doing so. To address this situation, academic institutions should consider setting standards and guidelines on how teachers should provide rewards, stressing the need to lessen the use of concrete objects but rather utilizing non-tangible rewards that create emphasis on inherent changes and display on desirable learning behavior and excellent learning performances. B. Psychological Disorders 1. The classification of abnormal behavior stems from the need to appropriately determine the medical and professional methods and strategies that will be implemented in order to address problems associated with the variety of abnormal behavior. The classification system of abnormal behavior, particularly the DSM-IV established by the American Psychiatric Association or APA, is utilized in order to provide a clear illustration or image of the kind or type of behavior exhibited by an individual. The DSM-IV utilizes five axes that are utilized to categorize behavior, solidifying them into a profile that provides information on the dimensions of particular behaviors. Utilizing classification systems, such as DSM-IV, although convenient also has flaws or disadvantages, intensifying the difficulty of assessing and classifying behavior. For instance, since the DSM-IV utilizes five axes in categorizing behavior, it becomes a limited means of understanding the dynamics of behavior. Classifying behavior into five categories does not really border on reliability and validity since behavior will not always meet all the criteria of each category. 2. When one is diagnosed with psychological or mental disorders, this means that there is something nonstandard and uncharacteristic about an individual’s way of thinking and behavior. Having a disorder mean that an individual’s life, particularly his functioning, is influenced by its effects building problems and difficulties along the way. The diagnosis will point to possible causes, whether the disorder is caused by biological factors, environmental factors, and such, which affects one’s ability to work efficiently, socialize with other people or become integrated into society under normal circumstances, etc. After being diagnosed with a psychological or mental disorder, it will also mean that an individual will need to seek professional help in order to determine the root of the problem and disorder and identify possible solutions in order to resolve them. 3. Perhaps it is better to be wrongly diagnosed as having a mental disorder even if one actually does not than the other way around because in the process, the individual will still be able to disprove the diagnosis while medical professionals will have enough time to discover the wrongfulness of their diagnosis. One will not lose anything by being misdiagnosed as psychologically or mentally incapacitated, perhaps just time and effort in proving the misdiagnosis of medical professionals. On the other hand, if one is wrongly diagnosed as not having a mental disorder, he will miss the chance of being provided with professional help and assistance as to how he will be able to conquer the problems brought about by his psychological or mental disorder. After being diagnosed without mental disorders even if in fact, one is psychologically or mentally changed, it will not be treated properly fuelling the possibility of one’s illness or disorder getting worse, while at the same time, intensifying the effects that it might bring towards one life. Missing out on the chance of being treated will neglect â€Å"damage control† allowing the illness or disorder to intensify possibly leading to a state wherein medical professionals will not be able to provide and recommend treatment appropriately.

Impact of the 17th Amendment

Impact of the 17th Amendment The Seventeenth Amendment, Senate Ideology, and the Growth of Government Danko Tarabar Abstract The 17th Amendment disturbed the existing electoral system in the United States by requiring direct elections for state Senators. Scholars have argued this made the Senate more populist and contributed to the growth of government in the US post-1913. We employ econometric tools to investigate whether the time series of mean ideology of Senate and its winning policies experienced a structural change around the time of the enactment. We find no compelling evidence of a structural break at that time but do find evidence for a change in the mid-to-late 1890s. Keywords: Seventeenth Amendment, structural break, Senate ideology JEL codes: D72, H19 Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank Edward J. Lopez and participants at the 2012 Southern Economic Association meetings in New Orleans for helpful comments and suggestions. The Seventeenth Amendment, Senate Ideology,  and the Growth of Government 1. Introduction The 17th Amendment to the US Constitution established that Senators were to be directly elected by popular vote rather than appointed by state legislatures. The amendment ended a generation of state-by-state battles attempting to bring Senate elections under popular control. Although its 1913 passage is regarded by historians as enhancing democratic accountability, Zywicki (1994) argues that the amendment helped erode federalism and the separation of power. As Senator fidelity moved towards the electorate and away from protecting states’ interests, the Senate became as populist as the House, thus paving the way for government growth. In making this argument, Zywicki is attempting to contribute to one of the biggest questions in public economics: the dramatic increase in government in the United States during the 20th Century (Higgs, 1987; Husted and Kenny, 1997; Lott and Kenny, 1998; Holcombe, 1999). This paper empirically investigates whether the Senate experienced an ideology shift as the result of the change in political allegiance. If the interests of state legislatures and the median voters sufficiently differed, we expect to find evidence of a structural change in Senator and winning policy outcomes on roll calls at or near the time of adoption of the 17th Amendment. We examine this hypothesis by subjecting the time series of Senator and winning policy ideology to a battery of structural break tests. The evidence presented here suggest that a break most likely occurred during the 54th Congress (1895-1897), suggesting that the 17th Amendment merely codified what had already occurred through other means. 2. Data The most widely used measure of Congress ideology today are the NOMINATE scores, developed by Poole and Rosenthal in the 1980s (Poole and Rosenthal, 1997). The scores map House and Senate ideology outcomes onto a continuum, where negative scores denote liberal and positive denote conservative values (also analogous to greater or less government intervention in the economy). Zero implies centrist leanings, whereas score magnitudes reflect relative ideology strength. Each chamber since 1789 receives a mean score for legislators and winning policy outcomes, allowing for an overall assessment of ideology with respect to legislator behavior and the nature of enacted policies. We employ the DW-NOMINATE (dynamic, weighted) score subtype, estimated using normally distributed errors. The entire series contains 112 biennial observations, one for each Congress. The DW scores are comparable between Congresses, but comparisons only make sense within one of the three stable two-party periods in US history. We focus on the most recent such period, the Democratic-Republican (46th-112th Congress), since the formal adoption of the 17th Amendment occurred during the 63rd Congress (1913-1915). The operational database thus contains 67 observations ranging from 1879 to 2013 (Fig. 1). We exploit this dataset to search for structural changes in the series of mean Senator ideology and mean winning policy coordinates. 3. Methodology Structural change implies a sudden shift in any or all of the model parameters that control for the series mean and variance. In the current context, a structural break in either series would be indicative of mean â€Å"jumps† in chamber or winning policy ideology, whereas a break in variance implies a volatility shift not unlike, for instance, the Great Moderation. If the 17th Amendment instigated higher growth of federal government, one should observe a structural break in ideology in the 63rd Congress, presumably to the ideological left. While a visual inspection offers little in terms of inference, the diagnostics indicate that the mean chamber ideology is lower (-0.056 versus +0.01), and SD is approximately two times larger pre-Amendment. For mean winning outcomes, the average is higher pre-Amendment (0.037 versus -0.07), and the sample SD is exactly halved afterwards. We let both series evolve according to an AR(1) data generating process with drift and a deterministic linear trend: (1) where are serially uncorrelated errors and lag number is determined by Akaike and Schwarz Bayesian Info criteria. The structural change in series mean comes from breaks in drift, trend and autoregressiveparameters, while series’ volatility is largely dependent on error variance if is small. We estimate equation (1) using OLS. The econometrics of structural change underwent significant development in recent decades. The classic Chow (1960) test treats the breakdate as exogenous and a priori known. However, the current standard practice is to let the breakdate be an estimable endogenous parameter (Hansen, 2001). Quandt (1960) proposed taking the highest in the sequence of Chow F-statistics across all possible dates as the breakpoint, but the critical value asymptotic distribution for such a test was not available until Andrews (1993). Andrews’ now-conventional approach to testing for structural break rests on the â€Å"sup† methodology, in which the maximal significant F- (supF) or Wald-statistic (supW) across all observations is the most likely breakdate. Andrews and Ploberger (1994) further consider the averages and exponents of these test statistics. We use the supW-statistic, which has the advantage over supF in that it allows for residual heteroskedasticity. All statistically significant supW-statistics represent possible breakdates, but only that which minimizes the model sum of squared errors (SSE) is the most probable candidate (Hansen, 2001). In testing for and dating structural breaks in the series’ variances, the same methodology follows for equation (2): (2). Finally, the existence of breakpoints could erroneously lead to the conclusion that the series is nonstationary. We then use the Zivot-Andrews (ZA) (1992) test to distinguish between structural break and random walk disturbances. Conventional unit root tests tend to under-reject the null of nonstationarity in the presence of a break, while the ZA procedure allows for existence of one endogenously determined structural break in trend or intercept in testing unit root. Since neither series seem to be trending, we allow for an intercept break only, within 10% trimmed data. Some caveats are in order. First, the power of structural break tests is lower in smaller samples. Although a test statistic modification is possible, it is computationally costly (Antoshin et al., 2008). Second, the Quandt-Andrews procedure assumes regressor stationarity. As a solution for nonstationary regressors, Hansen (2000) proposes a â€Å"fixed regressor bootstrap.† Third, small sample size makes it impractical to search for multiple breaks simultaneously, even though an event such as women’s suffrage would make for a plausible structural break from public choice theory standpoint. Lastly, we recognize that structural break test results may be sensitive to model specification. 4. Results Table 1 summarizes our findings. In the case of mean Senate ideology, none of the supW-statistics, in any form (level, average and exponential), are significant at usual levels within 5, 10 and 15% trimmed data, so we find no evidence of a structural break. We also find no significant variance shifts. The ZA test rejects nonstationarity in favor of an intercept break in the 54th Congress (1895-1897). Although this date comes closest to the breakdate in the Quandt-Andrews procedure, it remains statistically insignificant. For the mean of winning policy ideology, the maximal significant supW-statistic also falls in the 54th Congress. Plotting the SSE from equation (1) over time, we observe the global minimum to fall in the 64th Congress (1915-1917). The ZA test allowing for an intercept break rejects nonstationarity at the 3% level, and also gives the breakdate as in the 54th Congress. Turning to variance shifts of mean winning ideology and repeating the same procedures on equation (2), we reject the null of no breakpoint at 4% level within 5, 10 and 15% trimmed data, with the maximal statistic during the 54th Congress. The SSE for variance breakdate (from equation (2)) exhibits multiple sharp drops indicative of a breakdate, with a global minimum in the 97th Congress (1981-1983). Overall, the evidence overwhelmingly suggests that the most probable breakpoint for mean and variance of winning policy ideology, as well as some evidence for chamber mean ideology, occurred between 1895 and 1897, in the 54th Congress. 5. Conclusion In his analysis of the political economy origins of the 17th Amendment, Zywicki (1994) notes that it was in the 1880s where dissatisfaction with the indirect system began to escalate. During this period, many states began to employ extra-constitutional means to move towards popular election of Senators (Riker, 1955). These approaches – public canvass and pledged state legislators –allowed for direct public participations in Senate elections. Our results provide some evidence that these approaches or other contemporary changes led to a change in ideology of the mean Senator, not the passage of the 17th Amendment. This finding suggests that while much the growth of in government occurred during the 20th century, the underlying ideological and institutional changes likely began in the Civil War and its aftermath (Higgs, 1997; Holcombe, 1999). References Andrews, D. W. K. (1993) Tests for parameter instability and structural change with unknown change point, Econometrica, 61, 821-856. Andrews, D. W. K. and Ploberger W. (1994) Optimal tests when the nuisance parameter is present only under the alternative, Econometrica, 62, 1383-414. Antoshin, S., Berg, A. and Souto, M. (2008) Testing for structural breaks in small samples, The International Monetary Fund, Working Paper Series No. 08/75 Chow, G. C. (1960) Tests of equality between sets of coefficients in two linear regressions, Econometrica, 28, 591-605. Hansen, B. E. (2000) Testing for structural change in conditional models, Journal of Econometrics, 97, 93-115. Hansen, B. E. (2001) The new econometrics of structural change: dating breaks in U.S. labor productivity, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15, 117-128. Higgs, R. (1987) Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government, Oxford University Press, New York. Holcombe, R. (1999) Veterans Interests and the transition to government: 1870-1915, Public Choice, 99, 311-326. Husted, T. and Kenny, L. (1998) How dramatically did women’s suffrage change the size and scope of government? Journal of Political Economy, 107, 1163-98. Poole, K. and Rosenthal, H. (1997) Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting, 1st edn, Oxford University Press, New York. Quandt, R. (1960) Tests of the hypothesis that a linear regression obeys two separate regimes, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 55, 324-330. Riker, W. (1955) The Senate and American federalism, American Political Science Review, 49, 452-469. Zivot, E. and Andrews, D.W.K. (1992) Further evidence on the Great Crash, the oil price shock, and the unit-root hypothesis, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10, 251-270. Zywicki, T. J. (1994) Senators and special interests: a public choice analysis of the Seventeenth Amendment, Oregon Law Review, 73, 1007-55. Fig 1. Mean Senate and winning policy ideology over time Source: http://voteview.com/pmeans.htm Notes: Vertical line denotes the 17th Amendment adoption 1 [† ] Corresponding author.

Contrasting Places in Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

Contrasting Places in Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God In the novel â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God†, by Zora Neale Hurston there were many contrasting places that were used to represent opposed forces or ideas that are central to the meaning of this work. In the novel, Eatonville and the Everglades were two contrasting places. Eatonville, Florida was a place where Janie experienced many things in life. Janie Crawford grew here where her grandmother raised her. Eatonville was also a place where Janie had no freedom or choices. For example, Janie was forced into adulthood and love. Eatonville was the place of hurts, and insecurities to her. Eatonville was where Janie tried to find herself. She lived there for a long time but still did not find what she was looking for. The Everglades, often referred to as the Mucks, was where Janie now knew who she was and what she was looking for in life. It is where she had true love unlike in Eatonville, Florida. Eatonville was a place of trials, hurts, and pains but the Everglades were where Janie knew who she was as a person. The Everglades and Eatonville both represent Janie in two different ways. In Eatonville Janie was uncertain of who she was. Eatonville represents unsure, love, hate, abuse, and trials. The Everglades represents love, joy, and prosperity. Janie was now seeing the person she was or is and living that life. Janie found herself in the Everglades. This was what she was trying to do throughout her entire life. She was searching although she came across stressing situations for her identity. In this novel the two contrasting places shows Janie as being loss and shows Janie as being found. This novel stands on that theme. Sometimes one would be loss but the problem comes in when they are never found. In Eatonville there was love of force but in the Everglades there was love of choice. Janie was able to find the bee pollinating the flower. â€Å"So this was marriage†. The contrasting places examine true love. Contrasting Places in Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays Contrasting Places in Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God In the novel â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God†, by Zora Neale Hurston there were many contrasting places that were used to represent opposed forces or ideas that are central to the meaning of this work. In the novel, Eatonville and the Everglades were two contrasting places. Eatonville, Florida was a place where Janie experienced many things in life. Janie Crawford grew here where her grandmother raised her. Eatonville was also a place where Janie had no freedom or choices. For example, Janie was forced into adulthood and love. Eatonville was the place of hurts, and insecurities to her. Eatonville was where Janie tried to find herself. She lived there for a long time but still did not find what she was looking for. The Everglades, often referred to as the Mucks, was where Janie now knew who she was and what she was looking for in life. It is where she had true love unlike in Eatonville, Florida. Eatonville was a place of trials, hurts, and pains but the Everglades were where Janie knew who she was as a person. The Everglades and Eatonville both represent Janie in two different ways. In Eatonville Janie was uncertain of who she was. Eatonville represents unsure, love, hate, abuse, and trials. The Everglades represents love, joy, and prosperity. Janie was now seeing the person she was or is and living that life. Janie found herself in the Everglades. This was what she was trying to do throughout her entire life. She was searching although she came across stressing situations for her identity. In this novel the two contrasting places shows Janie as being loss and shows Janie as being found. This novel stands on that theme. Sometimes one would be loss but the problem comes in when they are never found. In Eatonville there was love of force but in the Everglades there was love of choice. Janie was able to find the bee pollinating the flower. â€Å"So this was marriage†. The contrasting places examine true love.

The Metamorphosis and Ethan Frome :: Free Essay Writer

The Metamorphosis and Ethan Frome The routine of life can bring some people a sense of stability and happiness. For others this routine can be the cause of immense discontent and a feeling of entrapment. The main characters of the books The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka and Ethan Frome by Edith Wharton both experience this feeling of being trapped by their everyday responsibilities and environment. Family obligation, societal expectation, and their internal and external appearances trap both Gregor Samsa and Ethan Frome. One main cause for Gregor being trapped is his obligation to his family. His financial obligation alone is enough to put a great amount of pressure on him. His job and his secret plan to put his sister through school also place a demand on him. Gregor is solely responsible for repaying his parents’ old debts. The weight this puts on him is demonstrated when he says, Well, I haven’t given up hope completely; once I’ve gotten the money together to pay off my parents’ debt to him-that will probably take another five or six years-I’m going to do it without fail(Kafka 4). Even after discovering he has turned into a bug he still feels his obligation to his family. Society also has expectations of Gregor that he cannot escape even when he is locked up in the room that eventually becomes his grave. On one of his agonizing sleepless nights he is still thinking of his workday and of people he mingles with on a daily basis. He realizes that instead of helping him and his family, they were all inaccessible and he was glad when they faded away(Kafka 43). Gregor receives no help from the society that he is so loyal to. Gregor is obviously trapped by his external appearance. His physical limitations deepen his feeling of futility. His external appearance mimics his internal feelings, as he now feels helpless by not being able to physically carry out his responsibilities. Ethan was also trapped by obligation to his family. It trapped him when he wanted to go off with Mattie and it trapped him for the rest of his life after the accident. Zeena was the main source of the futility of Ethan’s existence. This is shown when Ethan reflects grimly that his seven years with Zeena seemed to Starkfield ‘not so long’(Wharton 64).

The Aspects of Criminal Justice :: Crime Justice Criminals Essays

The Aspects of Criminal Justice There are many different aspects of criminal justice policy. One in particular is the different theories of crime and how they affect the criminal justice system. The Classical School of criminology is a theory about evolving from a capital punishment type of view to more humane ways of punishing people. Positivist criminology is maintaining the control of human behavior and criminal behavior. They did this through three different categories of Biological studies, which are five methodologies of crime that were mainly focused on biological theories, Psychological theories, which contains four separate theories, and the Sociological theories, which also includes four different methods of explaining why crime exists. The last theory is about Critical criminology. Their goal was to transform society in a way that would liberate and empower subordinate groups of individuals. The Classical School of criminology was founded by "European legal authorities that thought crime was caused by supernatural forces" (DeKeseredy & Schwartz, 1996, p.155) preceding the 1700's. The catch phrase "The devil made him do it" was very popular because of the thought that people who committed crimes were sinners or people who didn't follow God. Those who didn't follow God were known as heretics and this following led to the connection of church and state where torture or execution could happen to anyone that the government thought to be evil or a part of witchcraft. Since the Middle Ages didn't have equal rights for all, women and the poor were usually the ones being prosecuted. With all of the problems of the times, the government found and made scapegoats out of these people, and blamed them of the troubles that were occurring. As DeKeseredy and Schwartz (1996, p.156) stated, "the most common way of determining guilt was through torture. It was a simple system: if you confe ssed, you were executed: is you did not confess, the torture continued until you died." This system of killing people was a well-respected way of running the criminal justice system. As time passed, the punishments turned away from inflicting pain on the body and turned more towards inflicting pain on the soul. This meant that imprisonment of long periods of time was going to take place of executions. A very important theorist in the Classical School of thought is Cesare Beccarria. He was a modest man who wrote an essay called On Crimes and Punishment.

Accounting: the Forensic Accounting Who Fought Whiet Collar Crime Essay

Abstract The global increase in fraud has caused many people to lose trust in accountants. However, experts in the field of Forensic Accounting, such as Certified Fraud Examiners, are restoring ethics and trust by fighting to deter white-collar crimes. The most prevalent type of fraud encountered is occupational fraud. Under occupational fraud the most common and consequential schemes are asset misappropriation and fraudulent statements. Due to the rapid increase of occupational fraud, organizations have implemented anti-fraud controls. Statistics have shown that these controls have helped to decrease the likelihood of fraud. This examination of Forensic Accounting points out the importance of Certified Fraud Examiners in the economic, business, and financial fields within the International Community. See more:  Masters of Satire: John Dryden and Jonathan Swift Essay Forensic Accounting: Fighting White Collar Crime When asked about ethical issues in the field of accounting, Raymond Reisig, both a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) and Certified Fraud Examiner (CFE), stated that ethics is the foundation which accounting stands on because â€Å"Our whole profession depends on people trusting us.† However, due to the lack of ethics in many large companies involved with fraud, the public has lost faith in the accounting profession. Hoping to restore the trust of society, many companies worldwide have incorporated Forensic Accounting into their industries. Essentially, the secret to uncovering fraud is by following a trail of money that will eventually lead to evidence that proves where the money has gone. This has been the job of Certified Fraud Examiners for years. A number of different types of frauds occur daily, but the most prevalent type of fraud that seems to catch the public’s eye is occupational fraud. Everyday, Certified Fraud Examiners are working hard to fight off occupatio nal fraud in corporate America. According to the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE), occupational fraud is â€Å"the use of one’s occupation for personal enrichment through the deliberate misuse or misapplication of the employing organization’s resources or assets† (2010, p. 6). Occupational fraud has now become a global problem, which has substantially increased the demand for forensic accounting. Forensic accounting is one of the many branches in accounting; under this specific branch exists Certified Fraud Examiners. Certified Fraud Examiners are experts specifically trained to find fraud, detect the ways in which the fraud was committed, and uncover who may have committed the crime. Two of the many schemes under occupational fraud that certified fraud examiners are confronted with are asset misappropriation and fraudulent statements. â€Å"Report to the Nations†, a worldwide study of 1,843 cases of occupational fraud from 2008-2009, found that in the U.S. â€Å"Asset mi sappropriation schemes were the most common form of fraud†¦ representing 90% of all cases† (ACFE, 2010, p. 4). Asset misappropriations range from conspiracies like skimming, when an employee does not record a sale and instead pockets the money, to schemes like check tampering, when an employee steals blank checks from the company and writes them out to himself. However, the most common fraud is billing. Billing happens when an employee deceives his employer to make false payments by submitting invoices for fictitious goods or services. One example of this could be found in a recent report in The New York Times. Anita Collins, 67, who is being charged for grand larceny in the first degree, for embezzling over $ 1 million over seven years from the Archdiocese of New York. Anita was able to skillfully delude the Catholic Church by sending fictitious invoices to the Archdiocese and issuing 468 checks to accounts she controlled (Otterman 2010). Billing alone can cause an organization to lose, on average, $128,000 annually. Although Asset misappropriation is the most common type of fraud, according to â€Å"Report to The Nations† it is the least costly. In contrast to asset misappropriation, fraudulent statements only made up less than 5% of all cases in the same study. However, these schemes are the most consequential, causing a median loss of more than $4 million annually (ACFE 4). Fraudulent statements involve the manipulation, falsification or alteration of accounting records, misrepresentation of financial statements, and the misapplication of accounting principles relating to amounts (Crumbley 2009). Financial statement schemes can be very hard to catch because they are buried under false numbers and fake company names. In a recent New York Times article authors Hiroko Tabuchi and Keith Bradsher revealed that in October 2011, Michael C. Woodford, former Olympus president and chief executive, exposed the corporat ion’s â€Å"fraudulent accounting†. The scandal covered up $1.7 billion in losses by misstating their finances on their income statements. The corporation’s former and current executives tactically buried their losses so that external auditors could never discover them (Tabuchi 2012). Due to the complexity of financial statement fraud, such as the Olympus scandal, many companies hire certified fraud examiners to investigate their financial statements when they suspect fraud is present. Occupational fraud is hard to detect due to the fact that owners and executives commit most fraud. Take for example the case of Maria do Rosario Veiga. Ms. Veiga was an experienced auditor who had been working for the World Meteorological Organization for 4 years before she blew the whistle on their fraudulent behavior. Ms. Veiga was fired from the organization because she refused to cover- up an embezzlement scheme of 3.5 million dollars stolen by senior officials (WMO 2009). For this reason many organizations have implemented anti-fraud controls to prevent and detect fraud. Anti- fraud controls consist of controls such as hotlines, fraud training for employees, surprise audits and employee support programs. In every study since 2002, the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners have found that tips are the most common and effective way to detect fraud (ACFE 4). This study found that tips detected 40.2 percent of all cases; employees were the most common source of fraud tips (ACFE 17). Anti- fraud controls are reinforcing ethical standards in the field of accounting. A specific case study examined by CFE Tracy Coenen exemplifies the right way to deal with receiving a tip from an employee about fraud. First, the board of directors must determine that an independent investigation of the allegations should be done. After this, they seek unbiased analysis, and retain an outside counsel and a forensic accountant to investigate. Management then gathers all documents relevant to the allegations, and gives the investigator access to all employees and accounting records (Coenen 2011). Going through such procedures should be important to any company who receives a suspicious tip from an employee. Due to the major business scandals involving asset misappropriation and fraudulent statements, it is crucial for CFEs to have a good understanding of these schemes. Examining fraud involves close examination and piecing together financial evidence to find the hidden truth behind numbers. For this reason, the requirements to become a CFE include earning a Bachelor’s Degree, passing a ten-hour exam and having at least two years of professional experience in the related field (Meservy, 2006, p. 164). Not only do these requirements prepare a CFE before going into the field of forensic accounting, but they also ensure the public that the work of a CFE is trustworthy. Although it is very important that CFEs obtain knowledge of fraudulent behavior, it is also important that they acquire other skills as well. Many times when people hear the word â€Å"accountant† they rarely think of a person who has excellent communication and writing skills. However, this is a very misleading misconception; In fact in a survey of 725 CFEs, communication and people skills were reported as critical by 44% of the recipients (Meservey, 2006, p. 176). These skills are viewed as critical because when a fraud examiner is investigating a case, he or she must be able to speak directly with their client; A CFE must also be able to orally present their findings in a courtroom to a judge and jury in a way that is clear and easy to understand (Wells, 2009). Along with communication and people skills, surprisingly, writing skills are also one of the most important. After a fraud examiner collects all the evidence needed, he or she must report their findings; A majority of the time these findings are reported by writing. Tracy Coenen, a fraud examiner and forensic accountant, stresses that, â€Å"The best financial expert witnesses help win cases by artfully and simply communicating the facts through written reports†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Coenen, 2007). For this reason, a CFE must have strong writing skills. A part of effectively reporting facts is following an ethical code by remaining unbiased about the innocence or guilt of the suspect, and reporting only relevant facts. If there is a lack of clarity in the way facts are reported and communicated, not only can it cause the jury to lose trust in the CFEs findings, but essentially cause a negative outcome on a case (Coenen, 2007). The corner stone of the accounting field is ethics. For this reason, being ethical is the most important skill a CFE should acquire. Huge fraud cases such as the collapse of Enron and WorldCom led to higher costs for products and services, mistrust in leaders and a loss in retirement funds and job security (Crumbley, 2009). This was one of the driving forces that led to the passing of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This act not only regulated the auditing profession but it also demonstrated to the public that accountants value ethical standards. Up until now this act is based on making â€Å"everyone responsible for fighting fraud by increasing all parties responsibilities for uncovering such fraud in every direction at every stop in the process† (Crumbley 2009). Not only has the Sarbanes-Oxley Act helped to gain the trust of the public, but CFEs have also played a huge role in this as well. The fact that the main task of a CFE is to deter and detect fraud, proves to society that the field of accounting remains ethical and fair. Fraud has caused many people to lose their trust in accountants; however, the field of accounting is implementing many ways to reduce fraud. Forensic Accounting plays a huge role in this because Certified Fraud Examiners are being used to analyze and examine financial statements in a way that normal accountants cannot. Through excellent communication and writing skills CFEs have ultimately proven that accountants do more than just â€Å"deal with numbers†. The increase in demand for Forensic Accounting shows that our ethical standards are still our main priority. Unfortunately, occupational fraud is something that always occurs in every organization; we cannot change this. However, what forensic accounting can change is the way which society views accountants as ethical.

Concept and Role of E-Commerce

Commerce may be defined as the transaction between the business enterprises. Business, on the other hand, is defined as ‘a commercial enterprise as a going concern'. In doing the business certainly one has to have contact with other. Previously for doing business one has to travel through a long distance and carry money in this pocket all the time ready which always be a risk for the carrier. It took a long time to mature even a single transaction for example if a manufacturer want to sell his produce, he need to sell it to whole seller first this is also with the help of middle man then the whole seller will sell the same product the different retails and the consumer will buy the product this chain will add some more middle man if the distance between producer and consumer is more. This process is very time consuming and also add some margin in cost at every stage which ultimately increase the price of the product and will put and extra burden on the pocket of the consumer or buyer. To fasten the above process and to reduce add in value in the cost of product or to reduce the burden on the pocket of consumer producer only need to use one miracle word that is â€Å"e†. Here e stands for electronic where ever we prefix this word the speeds will automatically increases with many fold then the traditional methods adopted and on the other hand the cost of supply or the price of product will decrease many fold as compare to before. For last few years many business that experiences the Placing â€Å"e† in front of any process or function of their business seemed to be the magic prescription for never ending story of success and rapid returns for enterprises. Internet, for example is becoming one of the most popular medium in transmitting various data. Users can find any kind of information within a shorter time compared with conventional method that consumes more time. Here again we assume a situation where for booking any ticketing for all kind of travel, bill payment, hotel bookings etc. one need to stand in a long queue to get his work done for himself but now this can be done at home and within few minutes only. E-commerce is also known as click business where one uses all the technology of click operation to do a business. Click business as sounds very easy is not only include click operation it also include all those technologies with allow the click workable on internet which include, domin address,server, Web Site, HTML,Electronic Data Interchange,XML,Protocols etc. It is a profitable way to conduct business which goes beyond the simple brick business. Click business can result in fast transactions, wide market coverage along with the bundle of benefits such as speed, convenience, cost effective, timeliness, high profit margins, instant customer relations, no loss of customers and many more. A concern can do everything it can to run its business efficiently and profitably.Therefore E-commerce is buying and selling goods and services over the Internet. E- Commerce in part if e-business. E-business is a structure that includes not only those transactions that centre on buying and selling goods and services to generate revenue, but also those transactions that support revenue generation. These activities include generating demand for goods and services, offering sales support and customer service, or facilitating communications between business partners. By the help of the flexibility offered by computer networks and the availability of the Internet, E- commerce develops on traditional commerce. E-commerce creates new opportunities for performing profitable activities online. It promotes easier cooperation between different groups: businesses sharing information to improve customer relations; companies working together to design and build new products/services; or multinational company sharing information for a major marketing campaign.The followings are the business uses of the Internet. These services and capabilities are a core part of a successful e-commerce program. They are either part of a value chain or are included as supporting activities:? Buying and selling products and services? Providing customer service ? Communicating within organizations? Collaborating with others? Gathering information (on competitors and so forth)? Providing seller support? Publishing and distributing information ? Providing software update and patches Airline and travel tickets, banking services, books, clothing, computer hardware, software, and other electronics, flowers and gifts are some popular products and services that can be purchased online. Several successful e-businesses have established their business models around selling these products and services. E-commerce has the potential to generate revenue and reduce costs for businesses and entities. Marketing, retailers, banks, insurance, government, training, online publishing, travel industries are some of the main recipients of e-commerce. For instance, banks use the Web for diverse business practices and customer service.MAJOR TRENDS IN E-COMMERCE BUSINESSRetail consumer E-commerce continues to grow up at double-digit rates. The online demographics of shoppers continue to broaden. Online website continues to reinforce profitability by refining their business models and leveraging the capabilities of the Internet. The first wave of E-Commerce transformed the business world of books, music, and air travel. In the second wave, eight new industries are facing a similar transformation: telephones, movies, television, jewelry, real estate, hotels, bill payments, and software. The breadth of E-Commerce offerings grow ups, especially each and every one in travel, information clearinghouses, entertainment, retail apparel, appliances, and home furnishings. Each and every one business and entrepreneurs continue to flood into the E-Commerce marketplace, often riding on the infrastructure craft by industry giants such as Amazon, eBay, and Overture. Brand extension each and every one the way through the Internet grow ups as large firms such as Sears, J.C. Penney, L.L. Bean, and Wal-Mart pursue integrated, multi –channel bricks-and-clicks strategies. B2Bsupply chain transactions and collaborative commerce continue to reinforce and grow up beyond the $1.5trillion mark. TECHNOLOGY: Wireless Internet connections (Wi-Fi, Max, and 3Gtelephone) grew up rapidly. Podcasting takes off as a new media format for distribution of radio and user-generated commentary. The Internet broadband foundation becomes stronger in households and businesses. Bandwidth prices of telecommunications companies re-capitalize their debts. RSS (Real Simple Syndication) grow ups to become a mayor new form of user- controlled information distribution that rivals e-mail in some applications. Computing and networking component prices continue to fall dramatically. New Internet-based models of computing such as.NET and Web services expand B2B opportunities.SECIETYSelf-publishing (user-generated content) and syndication in the form of blogs, wikis and social network grow up to form an entirely new self-publishing forum. Newspapers and other conventional, customary & traditional media adopt online, interactive models. Conflicts over copyright management and control grow up in significance. Over half the Internet user population (about 80 million adults) joins a social group on the Internet. Taxation of Internet sales becomes more widespread and accepted by large online merchants. Controversy over content regulation and controls amplify and rises. Surveillance of Internet communications grows ups in s significance. Concerns over commercial and governmental privacy invasion grow up. Internet fraud and abuse occurrences amplify and rise. First Amendment rights of free speech and association on the Internet are challenged. Spam grows ups despite new laws and promised technology fixes. Invasion of personal privacy on the Web expands as marketers discover and locate new ways to track users.

Toy Critique

Assignment 1 Play activity This assignment had been done with a group of 4 children with ages between 3 and 4?. Planning: In order to do the play activity I had to observe the children for two days. I wanted to know what are they more interested in and what they would like more. After the observation stage, I wanted to make sure that the play activity I had in mind, suited their age and stage of development. I also made sure that the activity is safe and that it included the PILES development and that it s based on future learning. I made a sketch plan for myself without telling the children about it and I see what I need for all that.I consulted with the manager to see if the materials I needed could be provided by her. I explain to my manager that I would like to make an activity based on the children’s imagination. I had been observing that the group was interested in cars and animals, so that made me think of building one car close the real size, with the help of the child ren. They would then have to make an imaginary trip to the zoo, inside the car. I needed a large carton box, sellotape, paint and scissors. The manager agreed with the plan, but she suggests that on our way to the zoo, we should make some stops in different places like shops or public parking areas.I checked to see if I had enough time to accomplish the activity, including the preparation and tidying up at the end. I talked with the children about what we were going to do the next week, and they seemed to like the idea very much. I put the plan together over the weekend and ensured that I have the proper and safe materials by the beginning of the next week. I then realised that I would need more than one day for the play activity. I decided to split the play activity into 4 daily sessions, of 25 minutes each. Implementation: Day 1: MondayWe started by moving some chairs and a table closer to a wall in the room, so we would have enough space for the activity. I put a carton box on th e floor. The children asked: Ch: â€Å"What are we going to do with this box, teacher? † Me: â€Å"We are going to build a big car and all of you would have to paint it. † After I drew the car, trimmed its shape on the carton board, I gave the children different colours of paint so they would paint the car. Me: â€Å"Now I want you to close your eyes and to imagine this car in whatever colour you would like it to be. I didn’t have time to finish my sentence because they all started to tell me at the same time what was their favourite colour for the car. Me: â€Å"Stop, stop, stop. No, not all together. C1, tell us what colour would you like the car to be? † C1: â€Å"I want my car to be pink. † Me: â€Å"Very good! You can paint the front of the car. C2, what colour does your car have? † C2: â€Å"Orange, it’s my favourite colour. † Me: â€Å"OK C2, you will do this side of the car† and I showed him the right side of th e car. â€Å"Now, C3, tell me! † C3: â€Å"I like my car to be blue. † Me: â€Å"Perfect. You have the back of the car. C4? † C4: â€Å"I want my car red.It’s my favourite colour. † Me: â€Å"Very good, C4, you will paint this side of the car† and I showed him the left side of the car. â€Å"Excellent, but there is missing something. Who can tell me what is missing? † Ch: â€Å"The wheels! † Me: â€Å"What colour are they? † Ch: â€Å"Black. † Me: â€Å"Very good! Each of you will have to paint one wheel. † I put their aprons to each of them and they each took a paintbrush. They started painting and to talk about the car. The children gave the car a name: â€Å"Tina†. After they finished painting the car the children asked e what to do next. I told them that we were going to wait until the next day.Day 2: Tuesday First thing in the morning, after arriving at the creche, the children asked me what we were going to do with the car that day. C1: â€Å"Are we going to play with the car, today? † Me: â€Å"Yes, we will play with the car, but not like yesterday. † I then told them to concentrate and imagine that they are going to get into the car with mommy, daddy, or his/her best friends and they would be going to the zoo. On the way to the zoo they would stop twice, in two different places. I wanted them to tell me what were the two places they were thinking about, what they wanted to do there and what were they see at each stop.Knowing that they were having more than 2 places in mind, I asked them to speak in turn about their choices: – C1 told me that he would stop to buy ice cream and visit a fun fair – C2 wanted to play some football and to make a stop at McDonald’s – C3 wanted to visit a fun fair and eat at McDonald’s – C4 wanted to ride in an electric car at the fun fair and eat an ice cream I wanted to include each acti vity in the imaginary car travel so I thought the best way to do that was to plan the itinerary like this: – First stop at the fun fair and electrical cars – Second stop at McDonald’s for ice creamI was not sure that we would have enough time for the fun fair on that day. Me: â€Å"OK. Everybody, let’s go into the car. C3, you will drive today. † C3 was very happy about that. â€Å"Go in front of the car and tell everybody to hurry up and close the doors. † I told them to pretend that they are going in the car and drive to the fun fair. They pushed the car (â€Å"driving†) towards the table (the â€Å"fun fair†). The table was in the middle of the room, so they pushed the car and circled the table twice and then stopped. C3: â€Å"Here we are at the funfair. † The other 3 children started cheering â€Å"Hooray!We are here. † I was very happy and proud of them. They were really enjoying the game. I placed 7 small c ars (â€Å"the electric cars†) on the tables. The cars had different shapes and colours. I asked each of the children to pick a car from the table and then tell me why they picked that car. I wanted to test their intellectual skills. C1 picked a blue sports car. He told me that blue is his favourite colour and that he likes sports cars. I asked how he knows that he was holding a sports car and he replied that the sport cars are very low to the ground. C2 picked a bigger, orange car.He said that orange is his favourite colour and that he likes big cars because his father has a big car. C3 picked a small, red car justifying that small cars are for girls (she is a girl) and she liked red. C4 picked a minivan. He said that he wants a family car so that he could take his parents and sister with him everywhere they want. I was very surprised to find out that the children had good reasons for choosing a car and that the choice was not random. I then asked them if they know how an el ectric car works or what you have to do with in order to start up an electric car. They told me that one should et inside the car and drive it. C3 told me that the car runs on electricity. I let them play with their cars for about 2 minutes. I then asked them to leave the â€Å"electric cars in the funfair and return to their car and park it† close to one of the walls in the room. We planned to continue our trip, the next day. Day 3: Wednesday We started a little bit earlier than the previous days to include the snack time from the creche schedule into the game. I named C1 and C4 to drive the car that day. C1 was the driver from the parking lot to McDonald’s and c4 was the driver from McDonald’s to the zoo.The children got into the car and â€Å"drove† circling the table 3 times and then stopping close to the table. They got out of the car and took a seat at the table. I told them that they were to be the clients and I would be the waitress. I explained t o them what a waitress is and told them how to order. They asked me to bring their snacks from their lunch boxes. After finishing their snacks, I gave them a scoop of ice cream each. After the stop at McDonald’s, C4 stood up and said â€Å"Let’s go now. It’s a long way to the zoo and it’s getting dark. † I was very surprised to hear that from him.I was thinking that was developing an early stage of responsibility. C3 asked me where the zoo was. I replied that it wasn’t very far, pointing in the direction of another table in the corner of the room. They circled the first table twice and went to the second table in the corner. In the meantime I took 8 animals from a box of toys and I lined them up on the table in the corner as if they were in cages at the zoo. When the children got to the table in the corner, something happened and we had to interrupt the game. One of the children (C2) had to go home and I didn’t want to continue the ga me without him.The others wanted to continue but I explained to them that we can’t continue without C2 and we would have to wait until the next day so we could be all together. I postponed the visit at the zoo for the next day. Day 4: Thursday C2 thought that we had finished the trip without him. He was happy to hear that we hadn’t continued the trip and that we had been waiting for him. I also told him that he would be driving from the zoo to the Montessori. After they had their snack in the snack break, I asked them if they could remember where we had stopped the day before. They all told me that we were going to see the animals at the zoo.C1: â€Å"We have to pay first, teacher. † Me: â€Å"Very well, C1. Yes, we do have to pay. † They pretended to take money out of their pockets and give it to me. They gathered around the table so I told them to stay in line so we could walk around the table to see and talk about the animals. We had a dialogue about w hat type of animals they are, what their colour is, where they live and what they eat. I even asked them if the animals are happy in the zoo. The children were very curious to find out thing that they didn’t know about the animals. We talked about them for about 15 minutes. They all knew the names of the animals and their colours.The habitat (where they live) and eating habits were new to the children. The answers were different, some of them were right and some of them were wrong. I was more than happy to tell them the right answer to any question. After the visit at the zoo, C2 said that is was his turn to drive and he was right. They got into the car again and â€Å"drove† around the table four times. They said that it was a long distance back to Montessori. C2 parked the car and we went in the back garden of the creche, for some fresh air. We sat down in circle so we could talk about the visit. I asked them if they enjoyed their visit at the zoo.The children told m e that they would like to go another time but to a different place. I also asked them if they had learned something from this trip. C3 said that she had never been to a restaurant and tell the waiter what she wants by herself, before. I told the children that we would do other trips in the future. Evaluation: Evaluating objectives for children In my opinion, the play activity had a very good impact on the children. It was, in fact, much better than what I expected. Their imagination is very well developed and the trip was a good opportunity to improve their learning outcomes.They did what they wanted to do and how they wanted to do. I just provided them the foundation of the game and they took control of the actions. The following abilities were exercised by the children: – Mathematical learning, by using the shapes of the cars, size of the cars, relationship between objects when comparing cars and animals – Creative learning, by being free to express opinions, ideas a nd feelings, exploring and experimenting art when they painted the car, movement when driving the car and dramatic play when ordering at McDonald’s – Physical experiences when â€Å"driving the car† Linguistic learning when talking about the habitat of the animals and eating habits – Personal and social learning, by developing their self-esteem and autonomy while â€Å"driving†, team working, talking to each others about their ideas, sharing experiences and when C3 admitted that it was the first time she ordered by herself at a restaurant. The play activity can be used in the future to plan other discovery trips in other places like â€Å"visiting a museum†, â€Å"going to the gym†, â€Å"going to the swimming pool†, or if the children have other ideas for trips.Evaluating the adult role My initial goals for this play activity were the developing of the child’s creativity, curiosity and imagination. I achieved the goals by putting the children in an out of the ordinary situation and then constructing different sets of events, upon the main idea, with or without the help of the children. During the planning of the activity I found out that children can actively participate in elaborating ideas, not only carrying out an idea. They were using their imagination and sometimes I felt that they were using it more than I did.As adults we sometimes know how things should be, look like or feel, but a child doesn’t know that. A child is curious to learn about things he does not know, and is eager to experiment, not only asking others what is best in a situation, and to copy the behaviour he sees in adults. Maybe that is why I was amazed to find out the different reasons of the children when picking the cars, and how they related with their families (the human beings with which a child spends much of his time and tends to imitate).The total cost of the project was minimal because I used recycled materia l along with things which were already at hand from the creche. In the future I would like to include either more learning and developmental outcomes, or doing a specialized play activity with one or two learning outcomes. I would like to see which one is more effective on child education. To do that, first I am planning to do a play activity extending the time length from 4 days to 7 days. After assessing that activity, I will then decide whether I would specialize the play on one or two learning or development outcomes, or introducing as many outcomes as possible.

Picture Archiving and Communication System Essay

The Picture Archival and Communication System (PACS) is a system that permits several types of imaging including CT, MRI, plain X-rays, etc, to be captured, stored and transmitted electronically (using a computer). This would enable convenience for the doctors and other healthcare professionals in accessing and evaluating the images. Films have been used in medicine for more than 100 years. By using PACS, there is a great chance that the entire process of imaging would go from film to film-free, encouraging greater convenience and flexibility in accessing, storage, transmission and retrieval of the X-ray images (NHS, 2009). When PACS was initially developed (early 1980’s), all images including X-rays, CT scans and MRI scans were shot on films and then converted to images by taking frame-grabbed snapshots. Although technology was able to obtain snapshots of the CT and MRI scans on the computer, they were still converted to film and photographed, as plain X-rays had to be film-processed and then photographed. Once photographed, the images could be stored in the forms of files and folders on the computer system and shared over the LAN network. During the early 1990’s, there was also a chance of sharing radiographic images over an external network or with a dedicated gateway. During the 1990’s, the network connections were very slow and the images needed a greater bandwidth for effective transmission of images. Hence many of the PACS systems had failed to prevent digital transmission of information over a network of hospitals. The Hammersmith Hospital in London and the Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Ost in Vienna were the first hospitals in the Europe to employ the PACS system in the early 1990’s (Inchingol, 2001). Today, automatic capturing methods can be used with PACS (first captured images) and this has replaced conventional imaging techniques with digital ones. Certain protocols have been developed by several organizations including the DICOM standards (Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine and the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). Effectively, these two standards are utilized in managing the storage, input, retrieval and transmission of images. These protocols have been extended to use for laboratory and other healthcare settings which transmission of medical reports has been essential. Hospitals would play a major role in the management of the clinical data associated with the PACS system. DICOM is also ensuring that the end-users have greater conveniences in using the PACS system rather than creating greater problems and making issues more difficult. Another system known as Data and Picture Archiving and Communication System (DPACS) which was initiated by a university in Italy helps in several aspects including retrieval of images and remote consultation with specialists, transmission of information, etc. This system is superior and is capable of being used with other EMR tools. Several imaging machinery, hardware and software systems are based on DICOM. Newer management systems are effectively trying to integrate several components of the EMR with the PACS and develop a very strong integrated system. There are rapid changes in technology and the PACS systems have to stay abreast of the use of such technology. In the year 2000, only 5% of the hospitals in the US had a PACS system, which increased to 20 to 40 % in 2003 and 2004. PACS helps in the management of sensitive radiological data, and hence is very critical in handling the patients in various clinical setups (Inchingol, 2001). The use of a PACS system in a hospital may be initially very costly for the hospital, but in the long-run, there is set to be an advantage has PACS can help lower costs and provide several benefits in terms of quality standards, flexibility and the ease in transferring information to other hospitals. Some of the advantages of the PACS system include:- †¢ Images can be transferred anywhere over the network (or internet) and hence consultation with specialists can be organized across the world †¢ In the future, there would be several benefits as costs would come down, support would improve, standards would be more easily followed, technical innovations would be developed, etc †¢ PACS can be utilized across various setting including cardiology, oncology, surgery, nuclear medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery, community medicine, etc. These specialists may require individual specialized images to be taken and used over the PACS. †¢ PACS promises to be a reliable and safe system †¢ Greater integration of the PACS with other systems such as the EMR, LIS, etc, to form what is known as the virtually integrated electronic patient record (VIEPR). In the early 1990’s, the implementation of a PACS system was very costly for the hospital. Some of the elements of the purchase of such a system included hardware, software, development of a network, infrastructure, support systems, etc. Initially, as PACS was newer technology, a hospital had to spend several millions on purchasing such a system. There was an even higher expenditure on running and maintaining such a system and the usage of electricity, and support staff. However, with time, technology of PACS became even cheaper, and there were several benefits noted including decrease in the number of lost images, reduced exposure to X-rays, higher quality of images, reduction in errors whilst observing the X-ray, etc (Bryan S, 1998). There is also a reduced need to use films, which helps reduce the costs of X-rays for the patient. However, it is important to note than although PCAS would ensure a film-free setup, there may be several situations in which films would also be required (Inchingol, 2001). The PCAS can be integrated with several systems including the radiology information system, HIS, VIEPR, etc. The vendors of all these systems should ensure greater amount of integration so that the functional efficiency would be able to be improved (Inchingol, 2001). Overall the PCAS has been implemented in several hospitals over the world and huge benefits are obtained in terms of reduction in costs, effectiveness, quality and access of healthcare, etc. Initially an organization may find it costly to implement such a system. However, in the long-run, there would be immense benefits and organizations would be able to recover the costs. Vendors also need to improve the integration of PCAS with other systems. Bibliography Bryan S, W. G. (1998). Costs and benefits of hospital-wide picture archive and communications systems (PACS): results from the evaluation of Hammersmith Hospital. Annu Meet Int Soc Technol Assess Health Care Int Soc Technol Assess Health Care Meet , 14: 84. http://gateway. nlm. nih. gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma? f=102237049. html Inchingol, P. (2001). Picture Archiving and Communications Systems in Today’s Healthcare. B u s i n e s s b r i e f i n g : n e x t – g e n e r a t i o n h e a l t h c a r e. http://www. wma. net/e/publications/pdf/2000/inchingolo. pdf NHS. (2009). Learn more about PACS. Retrieved February 24, 2009, from Connecting for Health NHS: http://www. connectingforhealth. nhs. uk/systemsandservices/pacs/learn